Republic of the
Supreme Court
JOCELYN M. SUAZO,
Petitioner, -
versus
- ANGELITO SUAZO and
REPUBLIC OF THE Respondents. |
G.R. No. 164493
Present: CARPIO, J., Chairperson, BRION, ABAD, and PEREZ, JJ. Promulgated: March 10, 2010 |
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D E C I S I O N
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BRION, J.: |
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We resolve the appeal
filed by petitioner Jocelyn Suazo (Jocelyn) from the July 14, 2004 Decision
of the Court of Appeals (CA)[1]
in CA-G.R. CV No. 62443, which reversed the January 29, 1999 judgment of the
Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 119, Pasay City in Civil Case No. 97-1282.[2]
The reversed
RTC decision nullified Jocelyn’s marriage with respondent Angelito Suazo (Angelito) on the ground of psychological incapacity.
THE FACTS
Jocelyn and Angelito were 16 years old
when they first met in June 1985; they were residents of Laguna at that time. After months of courtship, Jocelyn went to
Without any means to support themselves,
Jocelyn and Angelito lived with Angelito’s parents after their marriage. They had by this time stopped schooling. Jocelyn took odd jobs and worked for
Angelito’s relatives as household help. Angelito,
on the other hand, refused to work and was most of the time drunk. Jocelyn
urged Angelito to find work and violent quarrels often resulted because of Jocelyn’s
efforts.
Jocelyn
left Angelito sometime in July 1987.
Angelito thereafter found another woman with whom he has since lived. They now have children.
Ten years after their separation, or
on
x x x x
8. That from the time of their marriage up to their separation in July 1987, their relationship had been marred with bitter quarrels which caused unbearable physical and emotional pains on the part of the plaintiff because defendant inflicted physical injuries upon her every time they had a troublesome encounter;
9. That the main reason for their quarrel was always the refusal of the defendant to work or his indolence and his excessive drinking which makes him psychologically incapacitated to perform his marital obligations making life unbearably bitter and intolerable to the plaintiff causing their separation in fact in July 1987;
10. That such psychological incapacity of the defendant started from the time of their marriage and became very apparent as time went and proves to be continuous, permanent and incurable;
x x x x
Angelito did not answer the petition/complaint. Neither did he submit himself to a psychological
examination with psychologist Nedy Tayag (who was presumably hired by Jocelyn).
The case proceeded to trial on the
merits after the trial court found that no collusion existed between the
parties. Jocelyn, her aunt Maryjane
Serrano, and the psychologist testified at the trial.
In her
testimony, Jocelyn essentially repeated the allegations in her petition, including
the alleged incidents of physical beating she received from Angelito. On cross-examination, she remained firm on
these declarations but significantly declared that Angelito had not treated her
violently before they were married.
Asst. Sol. Gen. Kim Briguera:
Q. Can you describe your relationship with the respondent before you got married?
A. He always go (sic) to our house to court me.
Q. Since you cited violence, after celebration of marriage, will you describe his behavioural (sic) pattern before you got married?
A. He show (sic) kindness, he always come (sic) to the house.
Q. So you cannot say his behavioral pattern composing of violent nature before you got married (sic), is there any signs (sic) of violence?
A. None maam (sic), because we were not sweethearts.
Q. Even to other people?
A. He also quarrel (sic).[3]
Maryjane Serrano
corroborated parts of Jocelyn’s testimony.
When the psychologist took the witness
stand, she declared:
Q. What about the respondent, did you also make clinical interpretation of his behavior?
A. Apparently, the behavior and actuation of the respondent during the time of the marriage the respondent is suffering from anti-social personality Disorder this is a serious and severe apparently incurable (sic). This disorder is chronic and long-standing before the marriage.
Q. And you based your interpretation on the report given by the petitioner?
A. Based on the psychological examination wherein there is no pattern of lying when I examined her, the petitioner was found to be very responsive, coherent, relevant to marital relationship with respondent.
Q. And the last page of Exhibit “E” which is your report there is a statement rather on the last page, last paragraph which state: It is the clinical opinion of the undersigned that marriage between the two, had already hit bottom rock (sic) even before the actual celebration of marriage. Respondent(’s) immature, irresponsible and callous emotionality practically harbors (sic) the possibility of having blissful relationship. His general behavior fulfill(s) the diagnostic criteria for a person suffering from Anti Social Personality Disorder. Such disorder is serious and severe and it interferred (sic) in his capacity to provide love, caring, concern and responsibility to his family. The disorder is chronic and long-standing in proportion and appear(s) incurable. The disorder was present at the time of the wedding and became manifest thereafter due to stresses and pressure of married life. He apparently grew up in a dysfunctional family. Could you explain what does chronic mean?
A. Chronic is a clinical language which means incurable it has been there long before he entered marriage apparently, it came during early developmental (sic) Basic trust was not develop (sic).
Q. And this long standing proportion (sic).
A. That no amount of psychological behavioral help to cure such because psychological disorder are not detrimental to men but to others particularly and this (sic) because the person who have this kind of disorder do not know that they have this kind of disorder.
Q. So in other words, permanent?
A. Permanent and incurable.
Q. You also said that this psychological disorder is present during the wedding or at the time of the wedding or became manifest thereafter?
A. Yes, ma’am.”
x x x x
Court:
Q. Is there a clinical findings (sic)?
A. That is the clinical findings. Personality Disorder labeled on Anti-Social Personality Disorder (sic).
Q. How was shown during the marriage (sic)?
A. The physical abuses on the petitioner also correlated without any employment exploitative and silent (sic) on the part of the respondent is clearly Anti-Social Disorder.
Q. Do the respondent know that he has that kind of psychological disorder (sic)?
A. Usually a person suffering that psychological disorder will not admit that they are suffering that kind of disorder (sic).
Court:
Q. So because of this Anti-Social Disorder the petitioner suffers a lot (sic)?
A. Yes, because the petitioner is a victim of hardships of marital relation to the respondent (sic).
Court:
Q. Was the Anti-Social Personality Disorder also shown to the parents (sic)?
A. Yes, according to the petitioner, respondent never give due respect more often than not he even shouted at them for no apparent reason (sic).
Court:
Q. Did you say Anti-Social Disorder incurable (sic)?
A. Yes, sir.
Court:
Q. Is there a physical violence (sic)?
A. Actually, I could see the petitioner is tortured mentally of the respondent (sic).
Court:
Q. How was the petitioner tortured?
A. She was able to counter-act by the time she was separated by the respondent (sic).
Court:
Q. Do you mean to tell us that Anti-Social disorder is incurable?
A. Yes, sir.
Court:
Q. Why did you know?
A. Anti-Social disorder is incurable again because the person itself, the respondent is not aware that this kind of personality affect the other party (sic).
Court:
Q. This Anti-Social behavior is naturally affected the petitioner (sic)?
A. They do not have children because more often than not the respondent is under the influence of alcohol, they do not have peaceful harmonious relationship during the less than one year and one thing what is significant, respondent allowed wife to work as housemaid instead of he who should provide and the petitioner never receive and enjoy her earning for the five months that she work and it is also the petitioner who took sustainance of the vices. (sic)
Q. And because of that Anti-Social disorder he had not shown love to the petitioner?
A. From the very start the respondent has no emotion to sustain the marital relationship but what he need is to sustain his vices thru the petitioner (sic).
Court:
Q. What are the vices?
A. Alcohol and gambling.
Court:
Q. And this affected psychological incapacity to perform marital obligation?
A. Not only that up to this time from my clinical analysis of Anti-Social Personality Disorder, he is good for nothing person.[4]
The psychologist
also identified the Psychological Report she prepared. The Report pertinently states:[5]
Report on the psychological condition of JOCELYN M. SUAZO, a petitioner for “Nullity of Marriage” versus ANGELITO D. SUAZO
GENERAL DATA
[This pertains to Jocelyn’s]
BRIEF MARITAL HISTORY
x x x x
Husband is Angelito D. Suazo, 28 years old reached 3rd year high school, a part time tricycle driver, eldest among 4 siblings. Father is a machine operator, described to be an alcoholic, womanizer and a heavy gambler. While mother is a sales agent. It was a common knowledge within their vicinity that she was also involved in an illicit relationship. Familial relationship was described to be stormy, chaotic whose bickering and squabbles were part and parcel of their day to day living.
TEST RESULTS AND EVALUATION
Projective data reveal an introvert person whose impulse life is adequately suppressed so much so that it does not create inner tension and anxiety. She is fully equipped in terms of drives and motivation particularly in uplifting not, only her socio-emotional image but was as her morale. She may be sensitive yet capable of containing the effect of such sensitiveness; in order to remain in goodstead (sic) with her immediate environment.
She is pictured as a hard-working man (sic) who looks forward for a better future in spite of difficulties she had gone through in the past. She is fully aware of external realities of life that she set simple life goals which is (sic) commensurate with her capabilities and limitations. However, she needs to prioritize her interest in order to direct her energy toward specific goals. Her tolerance for frustration appears to be at par with her coping mechanism that she is able to discharge negative trends appropriately.
REMARKS :
[Already cited in full in the psychologist’s testimony quoted above][6]
The
Office of the Solicitor General – representing the Republic of the
THE RTC RULING
The RTC annulled the marriage under the
following reasoning:
While there is no particular instance setforth (sic) in the law that a person may be considered as psychologically incapacitated, there as (sic) some admitted grounds that would render a person to be unfit to comply with his marital obligation, such as “immaturity, i.e., lack of an effective sense of rational judgment and responsibility, otherwise peculiar to infants (like refusal of the husband to support the family or excessive dependence on parents or peer group approval) and habitual alcoholism, or the condition by which a person lives for the next drink and the next drinks” (The Family Code of the Phils, Alicia Sempio-Diy, p.39, 1988 ed.)
The evidence presented by the petitioner and the testimony of the petitioner and Dr. Tayag, points (sic) to one thing – that the petitioner failed to establish a harmonious family life with the respondent. On the contrary, the respondent has not shown love and respect to the petitioner manifested by the former’s being irresponsible, immature, jobless, gambler, drunkard and worst of all – a wife beater. The petitioner, unable to bear any longer the misbehavior and attitude of the respondent, decided, after one year and four months of messy days, to leave the respondent.
In this regard, the petitioner was able to prove that right from the start of her married life with the respondent, she already suffered from maltreatment, due to physical injuries inflicted upon her and that she was the one who worked as a housemaid of a relative of her husband to sustain the latter’s niece (sic) and because they were living with her husband’s family, she was obliged to do the household chores – an indication that she is a battered wife coupled with the fact that she served as a servant in his (sic) husband’s family.
This situation that the petitioner had underwent may be attributed to the fact that at the time of their marriage, she and her husband are still young and was forced only to said marriage by her relatives. The petitioner and the respondent had never developed the feeling of love and respect, instead, the respondent blamed the petitioner’s family for said early marriage and not to his own liking.
Applying the principles and the requisites
of psychological incapacity enunciated by this Court in Santos v. Court of Appeals,[7]
the RTC concluded:
The above findings of the psychologist [referring to the psychologist’ testimony quoted above] would only tend to show that the respondent was, indeed, suffering from psychological incapacity which is not only grave but also incurable.
Likewise, applying the principles set forth in the case of Republic vs. Court of Appeals and Molina, 268 SCRA 198, wherein the Supreme Court held that:
x x x x [At this point, the RTC cited the pertinent Molina ruling]
The Court is satisfied that the evidence presented and the testimony of the petitioner and Dr. Familiar (sic) [the psychologist who testified in this case was Nedy Tayag, not a Dr. Familiar] attesting that there is psychological incapacity on the part of the respondent to comply with the essential marital obligations has been sufficiently and clearly proven and, therefore, petitioner is entitled to the relief prayed for.
A claim that the marriage is valid as there is no psychological incapacity of the respondent is a speculation and conjecture and without moral certainty. This will enhanced (sic) a greater tragedy as the battered wife/petitioner will still be using the surname of the respondent, although they are now separated, and a grim and sad reminder of her husband who made here a slave and a punching bag during the short span of her marriage with him. The law on annulment should be liberally construed in favor of an innocent suffering petitioner otherwise said law will be an instrument to protect persons with mental illness like the serious anti-social behavior of herein respondent.[8]
THE CA RULING
The
Republic appealed the RTC decision to the CA. The CA reversed the RTC decision,
ruling that:
True, as stated in Marcos vs Marcos 343 SCRA 755, the guidelines set in Santos vs Court of Appeals and Republic vs Court of Appeals do not require that a physician personally examine the person to be declared psychologically incapacitated. The Supreme Court adopted the totality of evidence approach which allows the fact of psychological incapacity to be drawn from evidence that medically or clinically identify the root causes of the illness. If the totality of the evidence is enough to sustain a finding of psychological incapacity, then actual medical examination of the person concerned need not be resorted to. Applied in Marcos, however, the aggregate testimony of the aggrieved spouse, children, relatives and the social worker were not found to be sufficient to prove psychological incapacity, in the absence of any evaluation of the respondent himself, the person whose mental and psychological capacity was in question.
In the case at bench, there is much scarcer evidence to hold that the respondent was psychologically incapable of entering into the marriage state, that is, to assume the essential duties of marriage due to an underlying psychological illness. Only the wife gave first-hand testimony on the behavior of the husband, and it is inconclusive. As observed by the Court in Marcos, the respondent may have failed to provide material support to the family and has resorted to physical abuse, but it is still necessary to show that they were manifestations of a deeper psychological malaise that was clinically or medically identified. The theory of the psychologist that the respondent was suffering from an anti-social personality syndrome at the time of the marriage was not the product of any adequate medical or clinical investigation. The evidence that she got from the petitioner, anecdotal at best, could equally show that the behavior of the respondent was due simply to causes like immaturity or irresponsibility which are not equivalent to psychological incapacity, Pesca vs Pesca 356 SCRA 588, or the failure or refusal to work could have been the result of rebelliousness on the part of one who felt that he had been forced into a loveless marriage. In any event, the respondent was not under a permanent compulsion because he had later on shown his ability to engage in productive work and more stable relationships with another. The element of permanence or incurability that is one of the defining characteristic of psychological incapacity is not present.
There is no doubt that for the short period that they were under the same roof, the married life of the petitioner with the respondent was an unhappy one. But the marriage cannot for this reason be extinguished. As the Supreme Court intimates in Pesca, our strict handling of Article 36 will be a reminder of the inviolability of the marriage institution in our country and the foundation of the family that the law seeks to protect. The concept of psychological incapacity is not to be a mantra to legalize what in reality are convenient excuses of parties to separate and divorce.
THE PETITION
Jocelyn
now comes to us via the present
petition to challenge and seek the reversal of the CA ruling based on the
following arguments:
1. The Court of Appeals went beyond what the law
says, as it totally disregarded the legal basis of the RTC in declaring the
marriage null and void – Tuason v. Tuason
(256 SCRA 158; to be accurate, should be Tuason
v. Court of Appeals) holds that “the finding of the Trial Court as to the
existence or non-existence of petitioner’s psychological incapacity at the time
of the marriage is final and binding on us (the Supreme Court); petitioner has
not sufficiently shown that the trial court’s factual findings and evaluation
of the testimonies of private respondent’s witnesses vis-à-vis petitioner’s
defenses are clearly and manifestly erroneous”;
2. Article 36 of the Family Code did not
define psychological incapacity; this omission was intentional to give the
courts a wider discretion to interpret the term without being shackled by
statutory parameters. Article 36 though
was taken from Canon 1095 of the New Code of Canon Law, which gives three conditions
that would make a person unable to contract marriage from mental incapacity as
follows:
“1095. They are incapable of contracting marriage:
(1) who lack the sufficient use of reason;
(2) who suffer from grave lack of discretion of judgment concerning essential matrimonial rights and duties which are to be mutually given and accepted;
(3) who are not capable of assuming the essential obligations of matrimony due to causes of a psychic nature.”
The decision of the RTC, Jocelyn claims, intelligently
conforms to these criteria. The RTC, being clothed with discretionary
functions, applied its finding of psychological incapacity based on existing
jurisprudence and the law itself which gave lower court magistrates enough
latitude to define what constitutes psychological incapacity. On the contrary, she further claims, the OSG
relied on generalities without being specific on why it is opposed to the
dissolution of a marriage that actually exists only in name.
Simply stated, we face the issue of
whether there is basis to nullify Jocelyn’s marriage with Angelito under
Article 36 of the Family Code.
THE COURT’S
RULING
We find the petition devoid of merit. The CA committed no reversible error of law in
setting aside the RTC decision, as no basis exists to declare Jocelyn’s
marriage with Angelito a nullity under Article 36 of the Family Code and its
related jurisprudence.
The Law,
Molina and Te
Article 36 of the Family Code provides that a marriage contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations of marriage, shall likewise be void even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its solemnization.
A unique feature of this
law is its intended open-ended application, as it merely introduced an abstract
concept – psychological incapacity that disables compliance with the contractual
obligations of marriage – without any concrete definition or, at the very least,
an illustrative example. We must
therefore apply the law based on how the concept of psychological incapacity was
shaped and developed in jurisprudence.
Santos v. Court of Appeals[9] declared that
psychological incapacity must be characterized by (a) gravity; (b) juridical antecedence; and (c) incurability. It should
refer to “no less than a mental (not physical) incapacity that
causes a party to be truly incognitive of the basic marital covenants that
concomitantly must be assumed and discharged by the parties to the marriage.”
It must be confined to “the most serious cases of personality disorders clearly
demonstrative of an utter insensitivity or inability to give meaning and
significance to the marriage.”[10]
The Court laid down more
definitive guidelines in the interpretation and application of the law in Republic v. Court of Appeals[11]
(Molina) as follows:
(1)
The burden of proof to show the nullity of the marriage belongs to the
plaintiff. Any doubt should be resolved in favor of the existence and
continuation of the marriage and against its dissolution and nullity. This is
rooted in the fact that both our Constitution and our laws cherish the validity
of marriage and unity of the family. Thus, our Constitution devotes an entire
Article on the Family, recognizing it “as the foundation of the nation.”
It decrees marriage as legally “inviolable,” thereby protecting it from
dissolution at the whim of the parties. Both the family and marriage are to be
“protected” by the state.
The
Family Code echoes this constitutional edict on marriage and the family and
emphasizes their permanence, inviolability and solidarity.
(2)
The root cause of the psychological incapacity must be (a)
medically or clinically identified, (b) alleged in the complaint, (c)
sufficiently proven by experts and (d) clearly explained in the decision. Article
36 of the Family Code requires that the incapacity
must be psychological - not physical, although its
manifestations and/or symptoms may be physical. The evidence must convince the
court that the parties or one of them was mentally or psychically ill to such
an extent that the person could not have known the obligations he was assuming,
or knowing them, could not have given valid assumption thereof. Although
no example of such incapacity need be given here so as not to limit the application of the provision under the
principle of ejusdem generis, nevertheless such root cause must be
identified as a psychological illness and its incapacitating
nature fully explained. Expert evidence may be given by qualified psychiatrists
and clinical psychologists.
(3)
The incapacity must be proven to be existing at “the time of
the celebration” of the marriage. The evidence must show that the illness
was existing when the parties exchanged their “I do's.” The manifestation of
the illness need not be perceivable at such time, but the illness itself must
have attached at such moment, or prior thereto.
(4)
Such incapacity must also be shown to be medically or
clinically permanent or incurable. Such incurability may be absolute or even
relative only in regard to the other spouse, not necessarily absolutely against
everyone of the same sex. Furthermore, such incapacity must
be relevant to the assumption of marriage obligations, not necessarily to those
not related to marriage, like the exercise of a profession or employment in a
job. x x x
(5)
Such illness must be grave enough to bring about the disability of the party to
assume the essential obligations of marriage. Thus, “mild characteriological
peculiarities, mood changes, occasional emotional outbursts” cannot be accepted
as root causes. The illness must be shown as downright incapacity or inability, not a refusal, neglect or difficulty, much less
ill will. In other words, there is a natal or supervening disabling factor in
the person, an adverse integral element in the personality structure that
effectively incapacitates the person from really accepting and thereby
complying with the obligations essential to marriage.
(6)
The essential marital obligations must be those embraced by Articles 68 up to
71 of the Family Code as regards the husband and wife as well as Articles 220,
221 and 225 of the same Code in regard to parents and their children. Such
non-complied marital obligation(s) must also be stated in the petition, proven
by evidence and included in the text of the decision.
(7)
Interpretations given by the National Appellate Matrimonial Tribunal of the
Catholic Church in the
(8)
The trial court must order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal and the Solicitor
General to appear as counsel for the state. No decision shall be handed down
unless the Solicitor General issues a certification, which will be quoted in
the decision, briefly stating therein his reasons for his agreement or
opposition, as the case may be, to the petition. The Solicitor General, along
with the prosecuting attorney, shall submit to the court such certification
within fifteen (15) days from the date the case is deemed submitted for
resolution of the court. The Solicitor General shall discharge the
equivalent function of the defensor vinculi contemplated under Canon
1095.[12]
Molina, subsequent
jurisprudence holds, merely expounded on the basic requirements of
A later case, Marcos v. Marcos,[14]
further clarified that there is no requirement that the defendant/respondent
spouse should be personally examined by a physician or psychologist as a
condition sine qua non for the declaration of nullity of marriage based
on psychological incapacity. Accordingly, it is no longer necessary to
introduce expert opinion in a petition under Article 36 of the Family Code if
the totality of evidence shows that psychological incapacity exists and its gravity, juridical antecedence, and
incurability can be duly established.[15]
Pesca v. Pesca[16] clarifies that the
Molina guidelines apply even to cases
then already pending, under the reasoning that the court’s interpretation or construction
establishes the contemporaneous legislative intent of the law; the latter as so
interpreted and construed would thus constitute a part of that law as of the
date the statute is enacted. It is
only when a prior ruling of this Court
finds itself later overruled, and a different view is adopted, that the new
doctrine may have to be applied prospectively in favor of parties who have
relied on the old doctrine and have acted in good faith in accordance therewith
under the familiar rule of “lex prospicit, non respicit.”
On
(d) What to allege. – A petition under Article 36 of the Family Code shall specifically allege the complete facts showing that either or both parties were psychologically incapacitated from complying with the essential marital obligations of marriage at the time of the celebration of marriage even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its celebration.
The
complete facts should allege the physical manifestations, if any, as are
indicative of psychological incapacity at the time of the celebration of the
marriage but expert opinion need not be
alleged.
Section 12(d) of the Rules requires a
pre-trial brief containing all the evidence presented, including expert
opinion, if any, briefly stating or describing the nature and purpose of these pieces
of evidence. Section 14(b) requires the
court to consider during the pre-trial conference the advisability of receiving
expert testimony and such other matters as may aid in the prompt disposition of
the petition. Under Section 17 of the Rules, the grounds for the declaration of the absolute
nullity or annulment of marriage must be proved.
All cases – involving the application
of Article 36 of the Family Code – that came to us were invariably decided
based on the principles in the cited cases. This was the state of law and jurisprudence on
Article 36 when the Court decided Te v. Yu-Te[17] (Te)
which revisited the Molina guidelines.
Te begins with
the observation that the Committee that drafted the Family Code did not give
any examples of psychological incapacity for fear that by so doing, it would
limit the applicability of the provision under the principle of ejusdem
generis; that the Committee desired that the courts should interpret the provision
on a case-to-case basis, guided by experience, by the findings of experts and
researchers in psychological disciplines, and by decisions of church tribunals that,
although not binding on the civil courts, may be given persuasive effect since
the provision itself was taken from the Canon Law.[18] Te thus assumes it a basic premise that the
law is so designed to allow some resiliency in its application.[19]
Te then sustained
Going back to its basic premise, Te said:
Conscious of the law’s intention that it is the courts, on a case-to-case basis, that should determine whether a party to a marriage is psychologically incapacitated, the Court, in sustaining the lower court’s judgment of annulment in Tuason v. Court of Appeals, ruled that the findings of the trial court are final and binding on the appellate courts.
Again, upholding the trial court’s findings and declaring that its decision was not a judgment on the pleadings, the Court, in Tsoi v. Court of Appeals, explained that when private respondent testified under oath before the lower court and was cross-examined by the adverse party, she thereby presented evidence in the form of testimony. Importantly, the Court, aware of parallel decisions of Catholic marriage tribunals, ruled that the senseless and protracted refusal of one of the parties to fulfill the marital obligation of procreating children is equivalent to psychological incapacity.
With this as backdrop, Te launched an attack on Molina. It said that the
resiliency with which the concept should be applied and the case-to-case basis
by which the provision should be interpreted, as so intended by its framers, had, somehow, been rendered
ineffectual by the imposition of a set of strict standards in
Molina. Molina,
to Te, has become a strait-jacket,
forcing all sizes to fit into and be bound by it; wittingly or unwittingly, the
Court, in conveniently applying Molina,
has allowed diagnosed sociopaths, schizophrenics, nymphomaniacs, narcissists
and the like, to continuously debase and pervert the sanctity of marriage.
Te then enunciated the principle that each
case must be judged, not on the basis of a
priori assumptions, predilections or generalizations, but according to its
own facts. Courts should interpret the
provision on a case-to-case basis, guided by experience, the findings of experts
and researchers in psychological disciplines, and by decisions of church
tribunals.
As a final note
though, Te expressly stated that it
is not suggesting the abandonment of Molina, but that, following Antonio v. Reyes, it merely looked at
other perspectives that should also govern the disposition of petitions for
declaration of nullity under Article 36.
The subsequent Ting v.
Velez-Ting[20] follows Te’s lead when it reiterated that Te did not abandon Molina;
far from abandoning Molina, it simply
suggested the relaxation of its stringent requirements, cognizant of the
explanation given by the Committee on the Revision of the Rules on the
rationale of the Rule on Declaration of Absolute Nullity of Void Marriages and Annulment of
Voidable Marriages:[21]
To require the petitioner to allege in the petition the particular root cause of the psychological incapacity and to attach thereto the verified written report of an accredited psychologist or psychiatrist have proved to be too expensive for the parties. They adversely affect access to justice of poor litigants. It is also a fact that there are provinces where these experts are not available. Thus, the Committee deemed it necessary to relax this stringent requirement enunciated in the Molina Case. The need for the examination of a party or parties by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist and the presentation of psychiatric experts shall now be determined by the court during the pre-trial conference.
Te, therefore, instead of substantially departing from Molina,[22] merely stands for a more flexible
approach in considering petitions for declaration of nullity of marriages based
on psychological incapacity. It is also noteworthy for its evidentiary approach
in these cases, which it expounded on as follows:
By the very nature of Article
36, courts, despite having the
primary task and burden of decision-making, must not discount but, instead, must consider as decisive evidence the
expert opinion on the psychological and mental temperaments of the parties.
x x x x
Hernandez
v. Court of Appeals
emphasizes the importance of presenting expert testimony to establish the
precise cause of a party’s psychological incapacity, and to show that it
existed at the inception of the marriage.
And as Marcos v. Marcos
asserts, there is no requirement that the person to be declared psychologically
incapacitated be personally examined by a physician, if the totality of
evidence presented is enough to sustain a finding of psychological
incapacity. Verily, the evidence must show a link, medical or the like, between the
acts that manifest psychological incapacity and the psychological disorder
itself.
This is not to mention, but we mention nevertheless for emphasis, that the presentation of expert proof presupposes a thorough and in-depth assessment of the parties by the psychologist or expert, for a conclusive diagnosis of a grave, severe and incurable presence of psychological incapacity.[23] [Underscoring supplied]
This evidentiary approach is repeated in Ting v. Velez-Ting.[24]
Under this evolutionary development, as shown by the current string of
cases on Article 36 of the Family Code, what
should not be lost on us is the intention of the law to confine the
application of Article 36 to the most serious cases of personality disorders, clearly
demonstrative of an utter insensitivity or inability to give meaning and
significance to the marriage; that the psychological illness that must have
afflicted a party at the inception of the marriage should be a malady so grave
and permanent as to deprive one of awareness of the duties and responsibilities
of the matrimonial bond he or she is about to assume.[25] It is not enough that the respondent, alleged
to be psychologically incapacitated, had difficulty in complying with his
marital obligations, or was unwilling to perform these obligations. Proof of a natal or supervening disabling
factor – an adverse integral element in the respondent’s personality structure
that effectively incapacitated him from complying with his essential marital
obligations – must be shown.[26] Mere difficulty, refusal or neglect in the
performance of marital obligations or ill will on the part of the spouse is
different from incapacity rooted in some debilitating psychological condition
or illness; irreconcilable differences, sexual infidelity or perversion,
emotional immaturity and irresponsibility and the like, do not by themselves
warrant a finding of psychological incapacity under Article 36, as the same may
only be due to a person’s refusal or unwillingness to assume the essential
obligations of marriage.[27]
If all these sound familiar, they do, for they are but iterations of
The Present
Case
As the CA did, we find Jocelyn’s
evidence insufficient to establish Angelito’s psychological incapacity to
perform essential marital obligations.
We so conclude based on our own examination of the evidence on record,
which we were compelled to undertake because of the differences in the trial
court and the appellate court’s appreciation and evaluation of Jocelyn’s
presented evidence.
a.
The Expert
Opinion Evidence
Both the psychologist’s testimony
and the psychological report did not conclusively show the root cause, gravity
and incurability of Angelito’s alleged psychological condition.
We first note a critical factor in
appreciating or evaluating the expert opinion evidence – the psychologist’s
testimony and the psychological evaluation report – that Jocelyn
presented. Based on her declarations in
open court, the psychologist evaluated Angelito’s psychological condition only
in an indirect manner – she derived all her conclusions from information coming
from Jocelyn whose bias for her cause cannot of course be doubted. Given the source of the information upon
which the psychologist heavily relied upon, the court must evaluate the
evidentiary worth of the opinion with due care and with the application of the
more rigid and stringent set of standards outlined above, i.e., that there must be a thorough and
in-depth assessment of the parties by the psychologist or expert, for a
conclusive diagnosis of a psychological incapacity that is grave, severe and
incurable.
In saying this, we do not suggest that
a personal examination of the party alleged to be psychologically incapacitated
is mandatory; jurisprudence holds that this type of examination is not a
mandatory requirement. While such
examination is desirable, we recognize that it may not be practical in all instances
given the oftentimes estranged relations between the parties. For a
determination though of a party’s complete personality profile, information
coming from persons intimately related to him (such as the party’s close relatives and friends) may
be helpful. This is an approach in the
application of Article 36 that allows flexibility, at the same time that it
avoids, if not totally obliterate, the credibility gaps spawned by supposedly
expert opinion based entirely on doubtful sources of information.
From these perspectives, we
conclude that the psych`ologist, using meager information coming from a
directly interested party, could not have secured a complete personality
profile and could not have conclusively formed an objective opinion or
diagnosis of Angelito’s psychological condition. While the report or evaluation
may be conclusive with respect to Jocelyn’s psychological condition, this is
not true for Angelito’s. The methodology employed simply cannot satisfy the
required depth and comprehensiveness of examination required to evaluate a
party alleged to be suffering from a psychological disorder. In short, this is not the psychological report
that the Court can rely on as basis for the conclusion that psychological
incapacity exists.
Other than this credibility or reliability
gap, both the psychologist’s report and testimony simply provided a general
description of Angelito’s purported anti-social
personality disorder, supported by the characterization of this disorder as
chronic, grave and incurable. The
psychologist was conspicuously silent, however, on the bases for her conclusion
or the particulars that gave rise to the
characterization she gave. These
particulars are simply not in the Report, and neither can they be found in her
testimony.
For
instance, the psychologist testified that Angelito’s personality disorder is
chronic or incurable; Angelito has long been afflicted with the disorder prior
to his marriage with Jocelyn or even during his early developmental stage, as
basic trust was not developed. However,
she did not support this declaration with any factual basis. In her Report, she
based her conclusion on the presumption that Angelito apparently grew up in a dysfunctional family. Quite noticeable, though, is the
psychologist’s own equivocation on this point – she was not firm in her
conclusion for she herself may have realized that it was simply conjectural. The veracity, too, of this finding is highly
suspect, for it was based entirely on Jocelyn’s assumed knowledge of Angelito’s
family background and upbringing.
Additionally, the psychologist merely
generalized on the questions of why and to what extent was Angelito’s
personality disorder grave and incurable, and on the effects of the disorder on
Angelito’s awareness of and his capability to undertake the duties and
responsibilities of marriage.
The psychologist therefore failed
to provide the answers to the more important concerns or requisites of
psychological incapacity, all of which are critical to the success of Jocelyn’s
cause.
b.
Jocelyn’s
Testimony
The inadequacy and/or lack of
probative value of the psychological report and the psychologist’s testimony
impel us to proceed to the evaluation of Jocelyn’s testimony, to find out
whether she provided the court with sufficient facts to support a finding of
Angelito’s psychological incapacity.
Unfortunately, we find Jocelyn’s
testimony to be insufficient. Jocelyn
merely testified on Angelito’s habitual drunkenness, gambling, refusal to seek
employment and the physical beatings she received from him – all of which
occurred after the marriage. Significantly,
she declared in her testimony that Angelito showed no signs of violent behavior, assuming
this to be indicative of a personality disorder, during the courtship stage
or at the earliest stages of her relationship with him. She testified on the alleged physical
beatings after the marriage, not before or at the time of the celebration of
the marriage. She did not clarify when
these beatings exactly took place – whether it was near or at the time of
celebration of the marriage or months or years after. This is a clear evidentiary gap that
materially affects her cause, as the law and its related jurisprudence require
that the psychological incapacity must exist at the time of the celebration of
the marriage.
Habitual drunkenness, gambling and
refusal to find a job, while indicative of psychological incapacity, do not, by
themselves, show psychological incapacity.
All these simply indicate difficulty, neglect or mere refusal to perform
marital obligations that, as the cited jurisprudence holds, cannot be
considered to be constitutive of psychological incapacity in the absence of
proof that these are manifestations of an incapacity rooted in some
debilitating psychological condition or illness.
The physical violence allegedly
inflicted on Jocelyn deserves a different treatment. While we may concede that physical violence
on women indicates abnormal behavioral or personality patterns, such violence,
standing alone, does not constitute psychological incapacity. Jurisprudence holds that there must be
evidence showing a link, medical or the like, between the acts that
manifest psychological incapacity and the psychological disorder itself. The evidence of this nexus is irretrievably
lost in the present case under our finding that the opinion of the psychologist
cannot be relied upon. Even assuming,
therefore, that Jocelyn’s account of the physical beatings she received from
Angelito were true, this evidence does not satisfy the requirement of Article
36 and its related jurisprudence, specifically the Santos requisites.
On the whole, the
CA correctly reversed the RTC judgment, whose factual bases we now find to be
clearly and manifestly erroneous. Our
ruling in Tuason recognizing the finality
of the factual findings of the trial court in Article 36 cases (which is Jocelyn’s
main anchor in her present appeal with us) does not therefore apply in this
case. We find that, on the contrary, the
CA correctly applied Article 36 and its related jurisprudence to the facts and
the evidence of the present case.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, we DENY the petition
for lack of merit. We AFFIRM the appealed Decision of the
Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 62443.
Costs against the petitioner.
-SO
ORDERED.
ARTURO D. BRION
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
|
ANTONIO T.
CARPIO Associate Justice Chairperson |
|
|
MARIANO C.
Associate Justice |
ROBERTO A.
ABAD Associate Justice |
|
JOSE Associate Justice |
|
ATTESTATION
I attest that the conclusions in the
above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to
the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
Associate Justice
Chairperson
CERTIFICATION
REYNATO S. PUNO
Chief
Justice
[1] Penned by Associate Justice Mario L. Guariña III, and concurred in by Associate Justice Marina L. Buzon and Associate Justice Santiago Javier Rañada (both retired).
[2] Penned by Judge Pedro de Leon Gutierrez.
[3] TSN,
[4] TSN,
[5] Record, pp. 36-39.
[6] Parenthetical notes supplied.
[7] The RTC enumerated the requisites as follows: (1) that psychological incapacity refers to no less than a mental not physical incapacity; (2) that the law intended psychological incapacity to be confined to the most serious cases of personality disorders clearly demonstrative of an utter insensitivity or inability to give meaning and significance to marriage; and (3) that the psychological condition must exist at the time of the marriage and must be characterized by gravity, juridical antecedence and incurability. See citation at note 9.
[8] Parenthetical notes supplied.
[9] 310 Phil 21 (1995).
[10]
[11] 335 Phil. 664 (1997).
[12]
[13] See Marcos v. Marcos, 397 Phil. 840, 850 (2000).
[14]
[15]
[16] 408 Phil. 713, 720 (2001).
[17] G.R.
No. 161793,
[18]
[19]
[20] G.R.
No. 166562,
[21] A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC.
[22] A step that Te, a Third Division case, could not have legally undertaken because the Molina ruling is an En Banc ruling, in light of Article VIII, Section 4(3) of the Constitution.
[23] Supra note 16, pp. 231-232.
[24] Supra note 19.
[25] See So v.
[26]
[27] Navales v. Navales, G.R. No. 167523,