THIRD DIVISION
[G.R. Nos. 140393-94.
PEOPLE OF THE
MARCOS ASUELA, JUANITO ASUELA, ALBERTO ASUELA, ROGER ASUELA and TEOFILO “BOYET” CAPACILLO, appellants.
D E C I S I O N
PANGANIBAN, J.:
Where the evidence fails to show conclusively that the wounds inflicted on the offended party were fatal or serious and where the medical treatment -- which lasted less than nine days in the present case -- were merely first aid in nature, appellants may be convicted only of slight physical injuries, not frustrated murder.
The Case
Before us is an appeal from the July 20, 1999 Decision[1] of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of San
Mateo, Rizal (Branch 76) in Criminal Cases Nos. 3365
and 3366. The assailed Decision disposed
as follows:
“WHEREFORE, premises considered, Judgment is hereby rendered in these cases as follows:
“1) In Crim. Case No. 3366, finding accused Juanito Asuela, Marcos Asuela, Alberto Asuela, Roger Asuela, and Teofilo ‘Boyet’ Capacillo GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of murder, as defined and penalized under Art. 248 of the Revised Penal Code, and sentencing each of them to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to indemnify the heirs of Wilfredo Villanueva in the amount of P50,000.00 and to pay the costs.
“2) In Crim. Case No. 3365, finding accused Juanito Asuela, Marcos Asuela, Alberto Asuela, and Teofilo ‘Boyet’ Capacillo GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of frustrated murder as defined and penalized under Art. 248 of the Revised Penal Code and sentencing each of them to suffer imprisonment of fourteen (14) years, eight (8) months and one (1) day of reclusion temporal and to pay the costs.
“As against accused Jun-jun Asuela and Miguel Asuela, who
have, to date, remained at-large, let a warrant of arrest be issued against
them and let these cases be, in the meantime, sent to the archives without
prejudice to their reinstatement upon apprehension of the said accused.”[2]
This case originated from the September 24, 1997 Information[3] signed by Third Assistant Prosecutor Nestor
V. Gapuzan, charging Appellants Marcos Asuela, Juanito Asuela, Alberto Asuela, Rogelio
“Roger” Asuela and Teofilo
“Boyet” Capacillo[4] with frustrated murder, allegedly committed
as follows:
“That on or about the 7th day of September 1997 in the Municipality
of San Mateo, Province of Rizal, Philippines, and
within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused,
conspiring and confederating together and all of them mutually helping and
aiding one another, armed with a lead [pipe] and pieces of wood, with intent to
kill and with abuse of superior strength, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack assault and
stab one ANTHONY A. VILLANUEVA on his body, thus performing all the acts of
execution which could have produced the crime of murder as a consequence but
nevertheless did not produce it by reason of cause independent of his will,
that is, due to the timely and able medical attendance rendered to said ANTHONY
A. VILLANUEVA which prevented his death.”[5]
That same day, the same prosecutor filed against appellants
another Information,[6] this time for murder, as follows:
“That on or about the 7th day of September 1997 in the Municipality
of San Mateo, Province of Rizal, Philippines, and
within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused,
conspiring and confederating together and all of them mutually helping and
aiding one another, armed with a lead [pipe] and pieces of wood, with intent to
kill employing means to weaken the defense of the victim, one WILFREDO
VILLANUEVA, by spraying him with [tear gas] in the eyes and taking advantage of
their superior strength did then and there wilfully,
unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and stab one WILFREDO VILLANUEVA,
thereby inflicting upon the latter mortal wounds which directly caused his
death.”[7]
When arraigned on separate dates, appellants pleaded not guilty.[8] After trial in due course, the RTC convicted
them.
The
Facts
Version of the Prosecution
In its Brief,[9] the Office of the Solicitor General
summarized the prosecution’s version of the facts in this wise:
“In the early evening of
“At about
“In further details, Anthony stated that when appellant Juanito stabbed Wilfredo,
appellant Boyet was at the back of Juanito. Then,
appellant Boyet sprayed [tear gas] on the eyes of Wilfredo and thereafter, appellant Roger went [behind] Wilfredo and hit the latter with a lead pipe. At that
precise moment, co-accused Jun-jun went in front of Wilfredo and immediately hit him on the chest with the
knife. Then, appellant Marcos, instead
of going to the barangay office for assistance,
picked up a lead pipe and hit Wilfredo. Co-accused
Miguel who positioned himself as the lookout, also stabbed Wilfredo
in reaction to the inquiry of appellant Roger if Wilfredo
was still alive; and when appellants and the two (2) co-accused left the scene
of the crime, appellant Alberto went back and stabbed Wilfredo
with a pointed bamboo pole. Anthony knew
that appellant
“While on the ground, Anthony was hit on the head with a lead pipe
by appellants Roger and Marcos and then appellant Juanita hit Anthony three (3)
times at his left eyebrow, right side of his neck, and at the left side of his
body in between his left armpit and left nipple. Before Anthony could run for his safety,
accused Jun-jun and Miguel stabbed him with a
knife. Roger chased him, while appellant
“Prosecution eyewitness Hayen Villanueva,
daughter of Wilfredo Villanueva, testified that at
about
“Prosecution eyewitness Magdalena Villanueva, widow of victim Wilfredo Villanueva, corroborated her children’s testimonies. According to her, while she peeped through the window of their house and saw the criminal incident, as it transpired from a distance of four (4) arms-length.
“Dr. Ma. Cristina B. Freyra, medico legal
officer of PNP Crime Laboratory,
“Prosecution witness Dr. Jose Aladin Bongco, resident physician of the
Version of the Defense
In their Brief,[11] appellants submit their version of the
events in these words:
“All herein accused-appellants except accused Juanito Asuela interposed self-defense[.]
“MARCOS ASUELA testified that on 07 September 1997 at around 6:00 pm, a commotion occurred in Barangay Gulod, Malaya, San Mateo, Rizal between the Asuelas and Villanuevas; that he saw Mark Villanueva and Juanita Asuela talking in front of the store of Aling Betty Santos, [a] distance of around 10 meters from the place; that he did not hear what they were talking about but certainly, they conversed for a while when Anthony Villanueva arrived and instructed Mark to leave the place but the latter refused; [a] few moments later, Wilfredo Villanueva arrived with a 'karet’ and suddenly brushed/pushed his two Sons aside, and hacked Juanito Asuela with a ‘karet’ inflicting in[j]uries on the latter’s head which prompted him to immediately call the attention of barangay official[s] for assistance, but when he returned together with Alberta Asuela, Kagawad Doromal, Police Officer Rabina and Barangay Tanod Eddie Santos Wilfredo Asuela was already dead; that he personally knows Julius Villanueva, son of the victim, who was involved in a carnapping incident, and it was accused Juanita Asuela who tipped Atty. Pozon, owner of the vehicle, of Julius[’] participation, hence, the latter was put behind bars; that when he came back [to] the scene of the incident he saw Juanito Asuela a[l]so injured; that he helped/assisted the policemen in carrying [to] or placing the cadaver of Wilfredo Villanueva in the van; that he also helped Magdalena Villanueva and Hayen Villanueva [in] boarding the vehicle; that he denied having hit Anthony Villanueva with a lead pipe; that he went [to the] barangay hall on the following day, 08 September 1997[;] however SPO4 Armando Santiago told him to stay in that place and when he (Santiago) returned accompanied by Magdalena Villanueva and her daughter Hayen, they pointed to him as the one who hit Wilfredo Villanueva at the latter’s back for there were no other persons inside the hall except him so he was immediately placed under arrest under the pretext of custodial investigation[.]
“Accused ALBERTO ASUELA, SR. testified that on 07 September 1997 at around 7:00 pm, he was in the house of Purok Leader Mang Dodong which [was] 500 meters away from the house of [the] Villanuevas, attending to the birthday celebration of the latter’s son Raffy together with [K]agawad Doromal, Mang Dodong and Policeman Rabina; that he vehemently denied the accusations leveled against him; that the incident happened on Sunday where Boyet and the latter’s wife were regularly selling religious articles at the St. Joseph Church; that at noon of 07 September 1997, he met Anthony Villanueva and they even played tong-its, after which he proceeded to Dodong’s place to have a drinking spree; that he denied having struck Wilfredo Villanueva with a bamboo [pole] nor did he chase Anthony Villanueva for he was at Dodong’s place when the incident happened.
"Accused TEOFILO CAPACILLO alias Boyet testified that on 07 September 1997 x x x [h]e was at St. Joseph Church, Quezon City, helping his wife [sell] religious articles and cigarettes; that there were persons who saw him in that very evening selling said articles and named them as Sps. Elizabeth and Richard Martin. As a security guard, he was issued a .38 caliber and was not issued any [tear gas]; that the accusations levelled against him by Anthony, Magdalena and Hayen Villanueva were [a] bunch of lies; that he only met Juanito Asuela with several companions at the St. Joseph Church at around 9:00 pm on 07 September 1997 with blood oozing from his head; that his wife even gave Juanito money for treatment.
“Accused ALBERTO ASUELA, JR. testified that on 07 September 1997 he was at Vicky Santos’ place when the incident happened; that he heard and noticed Juanito Asuela and Mark Villanueva conversing about the apprehension of Julius Vilanueva in [a] carnapping case, and he heard Anthony Villanueva [confront] Juanita Asuela uttering the words: [M]ay sama ako ng loob sa iyo at ito’y matatapos lamang kung mailalabas mo si Julius sa kulungan’, and [a] few moments later, Wilfredo Vil[l]anueva arrived and brushed aside his t[wo] sons (Mark and Anthony), and thereafter hit Juanito Asuela with a karet’; that he saw Juanito r[u]n towards his house already bloodied on the head closely followed by Wilfredo Villanueva then [a] scuffle ensued between the duo; that at the time [of] the incident, he did not see Marcos Asuela, Jun-jun Asuela [or] Boyet Capacillo except his father.
“Accused ROGELIO ASUELA alias Roger testified that on 07 September 1997 at around 7:30 pm., while he together with his family were inside his house watching a championship game in basketball between Alaska and Gordon Gins somebody knocked at the door, and when his son Domingo opened the door, he saw one of his nieces crying and informed him that her father, Juanito Asuela was full of blood, so he immediately proceeded to Juanito’s house and saw him full of blood sitting on the sofa; that when he asked Juanito what really happened, Juanito did not answer instead he pointed to him a certain direction which prompted him to go to the place pointed by Juanita and there he saw Wilfredo Villanueva lying on the ground already dead and his kumadre Magdalena Villanueva crying; and that when he approached his kumare Magdalena, the latter uttered: '[M]ga hayop kayo, pagbabayaran ninyong lahat ito.’
“Accused JUANITO ASUELA alias Fernando Bonifacio,
averred that on 07 September 1997 at about 7:00 pm., he was buying cigarette at
the store of Mrs. Santos when Mark Villanueva approached and talked to him
regarding the carnapping case of the latter’s brother
Julius Villanueva whom he reported to Atty. Pozon to
be the one responsible for the carnapping of his
car. Minutes later, Anthony Villanueva
arrived and shouted to Mark not to talk to him and uttered: ‘[M]asyado kang mapapel. Kung gusto mong magkaareglohan tayo, ilabas mo ang kapatid
ko sa kulungan.’
Suddenly and without any warning, Wilfredo Villanueva
who was drunk attacked him but was pacified by [the] latter’s son Mark who
requested his father and Anthony to go home; that Anthony boxed him on the
head, and when Wilfredo arrived, he suddenly pushed
aside his two Sons and hacked him on the head with a ‘karet’;
that when he ran towards his house, he accidentally slipped and fell to the
ground, and when he saw Wilfredo about to attack him
again, he picked a stone and threw it [at] the face of Wilfredo;
that he wrest[l]ed the 'karet’ from Wilfredo to avoid further injury, and in the process, he
felt a knife on the waist of Wilfredo, and he took it
and used [it] in stabbing Wilfredo several times; at
this juncture, he saw Anthony coming out of their house with a lead pipe about
to hit him so he embraced Anthony and also stabbed the latter; that at the time
of the incident, his co-accused were not present, and he was alone defending
himself; that at the time he left the scene he noticed the karet’
still in the hand of Wilfredo; that because of his
bloodied head, he went home and thereafter, with his sisters went to Boyet Capacillo at the St. Joseph
Church. The following day, he went to
the
Ruling of the Trial Court
The trial court gave full faith and credence to the prosecution witnesses because they were at the crime scene, and their declarations were consistent in describing the participation of appellants in the crimes charged. Despite their relationship to the victims, these witnesses were not disbelieved, because no improper motive for testifying falsely against appellants was proven. Also established was appellants’ conspiracy in killing Wilfredo Villanueva and in fatally injuring his son Anthony.
The RTC also rejected the contention of Juanito that he had acted in self-defense -- he had stabbed the victim even after being able to subdue the latter; therefore, unlawful aggression had ceased. Neither was there any reasonable necessity for Juanito to stab Anthony, who was allegedly moving towards the former.
Moreover, the court a quo debunked the alibi of the other appellants, because they had failed to show that it was physically impossible for them to be at the crime scene. Finally, the qualifying circumstance of abuse of superior strength in killing Wilfredo and seriously injuring Anthony was appreciated because of the gross physical disparity between the versions of appellants and the victims in terms of their number, the weapons used and the force employed.
Hence, this appeal.[13]
Issues
Appellants submit the following assignment of errors for our consideration:
I
“The trial court erred in concluding that there was conspiracy on the part of all the accused-appellants, and in disregarding the justifying circumstance of self defense of accused Juanito Asuela;
II
“The trial court erred in totally disregarding the evidence of the defense and finding all the accused guilty of the offenses charged beyond reasonable doubt;
III
“The lower court erred in finding the accused guilty of murder by
appreciating abuse of superior strength as a qualifying circumstances.”[14]
For purposes of clarity, we deem it wise to restate the assigned errors as follows: (1) sufficiency of the prosecution evidence; (2) efficacy of self-defense, denial, alibi and conspiracy; and (3) abuse of superior strength as a qualifying circumstance. We will discuss them in that order.
This Court’s Ruling
The appeal is partly meritorious.
First
Issue:
Sufficiency of Prosecution
Evidence
Appellants contend that the trial court erred in according full
faith and credence to the testimonies of Prosecution Witnesses Anthony, Hayen and
We are not convinced. Appellants’ attack on the credibility of
the prosecution witnesses is misplaced.
Nothing is more well-settled in law than the principle that the trial
court’s evaluation of the testimony of witnesses is accorded the highest respect,
even finality, because it had the direct opportunity to observe them on the
stand and to determine if they were telling the truth.[15] In the present case, the discrepancy between
the two versions on the sequence of the attack on the deceased does not disprove
the material fact that appellants did attack, maul and kill him. Inconsistencies in the testimonies of
prosecution witnesses with respect to minor details and collateral matters do
not affect the substance, the veracity or the weight of the testimony.[16]
Preposterous is the contention of appellants that the Villanuevas filed the charges against them because Juanito Asuela had implicated
Julius Villanueva, one of Wilfredo’s sons, in a carnapping incident.
It is highly unlikely that the Villanuevas would
place the members of their family at risk in order to get Julius out of
prison. In the absence of proof that an
improper motive impelled the witnesses to wrongly implicate the accused in the
commission of the crime, a court cannot refuse to give due weight and probative
value to their testimonies.[17]
Second
Issue:
Self-Defense, Denial, Alibi
and Conspiracy
Self-Defense
Appellant Juanito Asuela
claims self-defense.[18] Together with the other appellants, he
further alleges that Anthony confirmed his story: that the deceased had
followed him to Mrs. Santos’ store, which was 10 to 11 meters away from the
gate of the Villanuevas’ home; that Anthony had
confronted him at the store regarding the case of the former’s
brother; and that it was Wilfredo who had attacked
him with a sickle.
Juanito also alleges that he was boxed
on the head by Anthony. The former
further alleges that his two sons -- Anthony and Mark - were pushed aside and
his head hacked with a sickle by Wilfredo. Injured by the attack, Juanito
ran towards his house, but slipped and fell to the ground. Wilfredo caught up
and wrestled with him for the sickle. In the process, Juanito
felt, on the waist of Wilfredo, a knife which the
former used to stab the latter several times and also to stab Anthony, thereby
getting an opportunity to flee. Juanito then went
home and got his sisters to accompany him to
We are not persuaded. Juanito’s testimony is self-serving and is not corroborated by the evidence on hand. His allegations are easy to concoct, but difficult to verify.
Besides, for the resort to self-defense to succeed, the following
elements must be proven: (1) unlawful aggression, (2) reasonable necessity of
the means employed to prevent or repel the aggression, and (3) lack of
sufficient provocation on the part of the one defending oneself.[19] Self-defense must be proven by sufficient,
satisfactory and convincing evidence that excludes any vestige of criminal
aggression on the part of the person invoking it.[20] Such evidence is sorely lacking in this
particular case. Without adequate proof
of unlawful aggression, self-defense cannot stand.
Denial
The other appellants deny their involvement in the crimes, because the altercation was between Juanito and the deceased. Appellant Marcos Asuela insists that he immediately called for the assistance of barangay officials when the deceased hacked Juanito’s head with a sickle. The rest contend that they were somewhere else when the commotion occurred: Alberto was supposedly in the house of a certain Mang Dodong, the purok leader, together with Kagawad Doromal and Policeman Rabina; Teofilo “Boyet” Capacillo, at St. Joseph Church in Quezon City where, together with his wife, he was selling religious items; and Rogelio Asuela, at home watching a championship basketball game on television.
We are not convinced.
Appellants’ denials cannot overcome the positive identification by the
three prosecution witnesses.[21] The latter’s testimonies clearly show the former’s participation in the mauling and the killing of Wilfredo. Besides,
unsubstantiated denials are negative, selfserving and
have no weight in law. They cannot be
given greater evidentiary value than that given to testimonies of credible
witnesses on affirmative matters.[22]
Alibi
Alberto and Roger Asuela proffer the
defense of alibi which is not tenable, either, because they have failed to show
by clear and convincing evidence that it was physically impossible for them to
have been at the scene of the crimes.[23]
Clearly, appellants’ alibis are tenuous. Mang Dodong’s house, where Alberto Asuela
was allegedly engaged in a drinking spree, was only 500 meters from the crime
scene;[24] Roger Asuela’s
house, only 30-40 meters away.[25] Because they were not able to show that the
crime scene was inaccessible from
We affirm the RTC’s ruling that
appellants’ alibi and denial cannot prevail over the affirmative testimonies of
the prosecution witnesses.[27]
Conspiracy
We also hold that the trial court did not err in finding that conspiracy had attended the crimes.
Surrounding and, in a concerted fashion, assaulting the unarmed
victim proved that appellants had intentionally and voluntarily acted together
for the realization of a common criminal intent to kill the victim.[28] Where the acts of the accused collectively
and individually demonstrate the existence of a common design towards the
accomplishment of the same unlawful purpose, conspiracy is evident.[29]
Criminal Case
No. 3366-97
The conviction of appellants for the murder of Wilfredo Villanueva is sufficiently supported by the evidence. On direct examination, Hayen narrated how appellants collectively and individually mauled and killed her father, as follows:
“Q Now, you said [a while] ago that you remember there was an unusual or untoward incident that transpired[;] kindly inform this Honorable Court what was that unusual incident that transpired[.]
A Juanito Asuela called my father, stabbed and tear[-] gased my father and they helped each other, sir.
Q Where was Juanita Asuela when he called your father?
A He was outside our yard, in the street, sir.
Q And when your father was called by Juanito Asuela, did your father approach Juanito Asuela?
A Yes, sir.
Q And in what place did Juanita Asuela stab your father, was it in the street or somewhere else?
A He stabbed my father in the gate of our yard, sir.
Q You stated [a while] ago that he was tear[-]gas[s]ed, do you still remember?
xxx xxx xxx
Q By the way, x x x what part of your father’s body was tear[-]gased by Boyet Capacillo?
A His eyes, sir.
Q And how many times did Juanito Asuela stab your father, if you saw it?
A As I remember, there were many stab blows, sir.
Q And was your father hit with those several stab blows by Juanito Asuela?
A Yes, sir.
Q Where was your father hit?
A He was hit on his chest, sir.
Q Were you able to see that instrument used by Juanito Asuela in stabbing your father?
A Yes, sir.
Q What kind of instrument did he use?
A A knife, sir.
Q What kind of knife was it, a kitchen knife, a balisong or what?
A A kitchen knife, sir.
Q And you also stated awhile ago in Tagalog, ‘At siya po ay pinagtulungan,[’] do you still affirm that?
A Yes, sir.
Q Kindly inform this Honorable Court who were those other persons who ganged up [on] your father?
A Marcos Asuela, Jun-Jun Asuela, Roger Asuela, Boyet Capacillo, Miguel Asuela and Alberto Asuela, sir.
Q What did this Marcos Asuela do to your father?
A He hit my father with a lead pipe, sir.
PROS. RAMOLETE:
May I make it of record that my witness is crying.
xxx xxx xxx
Q Was your father hit with those blows delivered by Marcos Asuela with the use of a lead pipe?
A Yes, sir.
Q Where was your father hit?
A In his head, sir.
Q Kindly point to your head where your father was hit with those blows delivered by Marcos Asuela?
A Here on his forehead, sir.
Q How many times did this Marcos Asuela club your father with that lead pipe?
A Many times, sir.
Q What part of his body was hit with those [that were] several times delivered by Marcos Asuela [with the use of] that lead pipe?
A On his body, on his chest, sir.
xxx xxx xxx
Q What about this Roger Asuela, what did Roger Asuela do to your father?
A He hit my father with a lead pipe, sir.
Q How many times did this Roger Asuela hit your father with a pipe?
A Many times, sir.
Q And was your father hit with those blows delivered by Roger Asuela with that lead pipe?
A Yes, sir.
Q Where was your father hit?
A On the different parts of his body, sir.
Q Where in particular?
A He was hit on the upper part of his hip and left eyebrow, sir.
Q And where was this Roger Asuela positioned in relation to the position of your father when he clubbed your father with that pipe?
A He was also in front of my father, sir.
Q Were you able to see this Roger Asuela[? W]here did he get that pipe which he used in clubbing your father?
A No, sir, because when they approached my father they were already carrying with them those instruments, sir.
Q What about Marcos Asuela, were you able to see x x x where he got that lead pipe which he used in clubbing your father?
A Yes, sir.
Q Where did he get that lead pipe?
A He got the lead pipe from the artesian well because the pipe there is detachable, sir.
xxx xxx xxx
Q What about this Alberto Asuela, what did he do to your father?
A My father was already dead then when Alberto Asuela got a pointed bamboo and stabbed the right foot of my father and he even uttered bad words, sir.
Q Were you able to hear those bad words which Alberto Asuela uttered?
A Yes, sir, and he said, ‘Wala iyan, mahina iyan, sisiw pala iyan’, and he even spit on my father, sir.
Q And how far were you when these Marcos Asuela, Juanita Asuela, Boyet Capacillo, Jun-Jun Asuela, Roger Asuela, Miguel Asuela and Alberto Asuela were doing this to your father?
A I was inside our house, sir.
Q How far?
A About six (6) arms[-]length, sir.
xxx xxx xxx.”[30]
Criminal Case
No. 3365-97
The Court is also convinced that appellants collectively and individually attacked and injured Anthony, who testified as follows:
“Q Now, upon seeing your father being ganged up [on] by these seven (7) accused, what did you do?
A When I saw my father being ganged up [on] by them, I went near them to help my father but Boyet said: ‘Hayan pa ang isa.’
Q And what else transpired, Mr. witness?
A When Boyet said ‘hayan pa ang isa’, suddenly, I felt that somebody hit me at my back, sir.
Q And what else transpired, Mr. witness?
A When I was hit, I fell down, sir.
Q And then?
A When I fell down, Roger hit me with a lead pipe on my head, sir.
Q And then, what else?
A Marcos also hit me with a lead pipe on my head, sir.
Q And what else transpired?
A I fell down and Juanito stabbed me on my neck, and also on the left side of my body, sir.
FISCAL:
In between his left armpit and left nipple with visible scars, your Honor please.
Q How many times did Juanito Asuela stab you?
A Three (3) times, sir.
Q Where were you hit, in what part of your body were you hit by that stabbing blow delivered by Mr. Juanita Asuela[? A]gain, will you point to this Court the exact position where you were hit by that stabbing blow?
FISCAL:
Witness, you[r] Honor please, is pointing to his left eyebrow, right side of his neck with a scar visible, and the other one at the left side of his body in between his left armpit and left nipple with visible scars.
Q And after that, Mr. Witness, after Marcos Asuela hit you with that lead pipe hitting you on your head and Roger also hitting you with that lead pipe on your head and Juanito Asuela stabbing you 3 times, what else transpired, Mr. Witness?
A When I fell down and
they were being pacified by my brother Mark Villanueva, that was the time that
I was able to run and Jonjon, Miguel and Roger chased
me, sir.”[31]
However, we are not convinced that appellants should be held
liable for frustrated murder. The evidence
presented by the prosecution failed to show conclusively that the wounds
inflicted on Anthony were fatal or serious.
Dr. Jose Aladin Bongco,
the doctor who had attended to Anthony at the
“Q You stated that any of the three (3) wounds, you considered fatal, is that correct?
A It could be fatal, sir.
Q And you attest also below that the duration is less than nine (9) days, is that correct?
A Yes, sir.
Q Doctor, [a while] ago, you stated among others that the patient refuses to [have] further treatment, is that correct?
A Yes, sir.
xxx xxx xxx
Q We noticed that below the medico-legal findings, Dr. Bongco, that [to] the patient Anthony Villanueva, you recommended that the condition of his wounds may last x x x nine (9) days [or less] unless [a] complication arises. Do you agree with me that the wounds were slight injuries only?
A Externally, the wounds
look like non-penetrate [sic] because of the limitation of further work out[.]
I can’t tell [if] the patient is having penetrating injuries but based on the
external signs of the injuries, sir.”[33] [Italics
supplied]
He even reported his findings in the Medico-Legal Certificate as follows:
“Lacerated wound 4 cms left fronto parietal
Stab wound 3 cm 4th ICS AAL left
Lacerated wound 3 cms right frontal
Positive alcoholic breath
xxx xxx xxx
The above mentioned conditions may last [for] x x
x nine days [or less] unless complications [arise].”[34]
In the absence of more convincing evidence, we hold that the
prosecution failed to prove that appellants had fatally wounded Anthony
Villanueva. Thus, they should be held
liable only for slight physical injuries under Article 266 of the Revised Penal
Code.[35] This is because his injuries lasted less
than nine days.
Third
Issue:
Abuse of
From the testimony of the prosecution witnesses, it is clear that
appellants abused their superior strength.
They used excessive force out of proportion to the means for
self-defense available to the person they attacked.[36] Aside from being numerically superior to the
unarmed ‘Wilfredo and his son Anthony, the assailants
were also armed with knives, pointed bamboo poles, tear gas and lead pipes. And, equally important, they used their
superior number and weapons to their great advantage in methodically attacking
their prey.
Proper Penalty
The solicitor general contends that the trial court erred in refusing to impose on appellants an indeterminate sentence for the murder of Wilfredo Villanueva.
We disagree. Section 2 of
the Indeterminate Sentence Law (Act No. 4103, as amended) provides that it
shall “not apply to persons convicted of offenses punished with death penalty
or life imprisonment; x x x.”
It must be noted that appellants were convicted of murder which is punishable
with reclusion perpetua to death under the
Revised Penal Code. Thus, in the absence
of any proven aggravating circumstance, they were correctly sentenced by the trial
court to reclusion perpetua.
WHEREFORE, the appeal is PARTLY GRANTED. The Decision in Criminal Case No. 3366-97 is AFFIRMED, while that in Criminal Case No. 3365-97 is MODIFIED; appellants are found GUILTY of SLIGHT PHYSICAL INJURIES and are hereby SENTENCED to twenty days of ARRESTO MENOR.
SO ORDERED.
Melo, (Chairman), Vitug,
and Sandoval-Gutierrez, JJ., concur.
Carpio, J., abroad on official business.
[1] Penned by Judge Jose
C. Reyes Jr.; rollo, pp. 37-51.
[2] Rollo,
pp. 50-51; records, pp. 326-327.
[3] Docketed as Crim. Case No. 3365-97.
[4] Co-accused Jun-jun Asuela and Miguel Asuela remain at large.
[5] Rollo,
p. 13; records, p. 1.
[6] Crim.
Case No. 3366-97.
[7] Supplemental
records, p. 1.
[8] Assisted by Atty.
Hector Centeno, Marcos Asuela
was arraigned on
[9] Appellee’s
Brief was signed by Sol. Gen. Simeon V. Marcelo, Asst. Sol. Gen. Maria
Aurora P. Cortés and Carminda
O. Punzalan-Gaite for Sol. Evaristo
M. Padilla.
[10] Appellee’s
Brief, pp. 4-10; rollo, pp. 124-130.
[11] Signed by Atty.
Eduardo C. Vallejo of Lapeña and Associates.
[12] Appellants’ Brief,
pp. 8-12; rollo, pp. 82-86.
[13] This case was deemed
submitted for resolution on
[14] Rollo,
p. 12.
[15] People v. Obello,
284 SCRA 79, 88, January 14, 1998; People
v. Cabiles, 284 SCRA 199, 212, January 16,
1998; People v. Alfeche, 294 SCRA 352, 375, August 17, 1998; People v. Liaguno,
285 SCRA 124, 135, January 28, 1998; People
v. Villamor, 292 SCRA 384, 394, July 10,
1998.
[16] People v. Obello, supra, p. 89; People v. Alfeche, supra, p. 370; People v. Llaguno, supra, p. 140; People v. Tulop,
289 SCRA 316, 333, April 21, 1998.
[17] People v. Lacatan,
295 SCRA 203, 213,
[18] Ironically,
appellants’ Brief (p. 8) seems to disclaim this defense when it states: “All
herein accused-appellants except accused Juanito Asuela interposed self-defense.” And yet, the text (pp.
13-17) of the Brief discusses Juanito’s claim of
self-defense.
[19] People v. Vermudez,
302 SCRA 276, 284,
[20] People v. Sanchez, 308 SCRA 264,
284, June 16. 1999; People v. Bitoon Sr., 309 SCRA 209, 217-218,
[21] People v. Obello, supra; People v. Cabiles,
supra, p. 217.
[22] People v. Villamor, supra, p. 395; People v. Liaguno, supra, p. 139; People v. Tumaob
Jr., 291 SCRA 133, 141, June 22, 1998; People v. Atop, 286 SCRA
157, 174, February 10, 1998.
[23] People v. Galido,
326 SCRA 187, 195,
[24] TSN,
[25] TSN,
[26] People v. Reduca,
301 SCRA 516, 534, January 21, 1999; People
v. Villanueva, 302 SCRA 380, 393, January 29, 1999; People v. Verde, 302 SCRA 690, 705,
February 10, 1999.
[27] People v. Reduca, supra; People
v. Banela, 301 SCRA 84, 93, January 18,
1999; People v. Hilado, 307 SCRA 535, 554, May 24, 1999; People v. Macahia,
307 SCRA 404, 420, May 19, 1999.
[28] People v. Gallo, 318 SCRA 157,
165,
[29] People v. Bitoon Sr., supra, p. 220; People v. Hernando, 317 SCRA 617,
625,
[30] TSN,
[31]
TSN,
[32] TSN,
[33] Ibid., pp. 7-10.
[34] Exh.
“A,” Crim. Case No. 3365-97; records, p. 153.
[35] Article 266(1) provides:
“ART. 266. Slight physical injuries and maltreatment. — The crime of slight physical injuries shall be punished:
1. By arresto menor, when the offender has inflicted physical injuries which shall incapacitate the offended party for labor from one to nine days, or shall require medical attendance during the same period.
xxx xxx xxx”
[36] People v. Agsunod
Jr., 306 SCRA 612, 630, May 3, 1999; People v. Ocumen,
319 SCRA 539, 564,