FIRST DIVISION
[G.R. No. 130506.
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, vs. ROLANDO R. JAKOSALEM, accused-appellant.
D E C I S I O N
YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.:
This is a petition for review of the decision of the Regional Trial
Court of Malaybalay, Bukidnon,
Branch 8, dated
On
That on or about the 10th day of December 1988, in the afternoon, at Poblacion, Municipality of Maramag, Province of Bukidnon, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, taking advantage of superior strength, with intent to kill, by means of treachery, with the use of firearm, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and criminally attack, assault and shoot ARTHUR TIBAYAN, inflict upon the latter mortal injuries which caused the instantaneous death of ARTHUR TIBAYAN, to the damage and prejudice of the legal heirs of ARTHUR TIBAYAN in such amount as may be allowed by law.
Contrary to and in violation of Article 248 of the Revised Penal
Code.[2]
Accused entered a plea of not guilty at his arraignment[3]
on
WHEREFORE, the court finds the accused GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt as principal of the crime of murder as defined and penalized under Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended. He is therefore sentenced to imprisonment of reclusion perpetua, to indemnify the heirs of his victim Arthur Tibayan the sum of FIFTY THOUSAND (P50,000.00) PESOS and to pay the costs.
The bail bond for his provisional liberty is hereby cancelled and he is ordered immediately confined in the Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center of Bukidnon.
SO ORDERED.[4]
On
The body of the victim, who turned out to be seventeen year-old
Arthur Tibayan, was brought to the National Bureau of
Investigation regional office in Cagayan de Oro City. Dr. Tammy Uy, the NBI Medico-Legal Officer who performed the autopsy,
found three gunshot wounds of entrance, two gunshot wounds of exits, and one
graze gunshot wound.[9]
On the other hand, the forensic chemist, Bernabe
Arenza, reported that based on his examination of the
clothes worn by the victim at the time he was shot, the approximate distance of
the gunman to the victim was between twenty to one hundred centimeters.[10]
Meanwhile, the investigation conducted by the Maramag
Police disclosed that Arthur Tibayan was shot by accused,
a member of the force, because he allegedly stole a bicycle.[11]
According to Leonarda Tibayan, the victim’s mother, her family spent about
P150,000.00 for the burial of her son.
However, she failed to present the necessary receipts to substantiate the
claim.[12]
The trial court gave more weight to the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses, particularly that of the sole eyewitness, Noe Tuban, whose testimony was found to be credible and straightforward. He testified as follows:
x x x x x x x x x
A- I came out from the office because it was closed, and when I came out I saw a boy being boxed by a policeman.
Q- How many policemen who boxed that boy?
A- Two (2).
Q- Did you recognize these two policemen who boxed this Boy?
A- Yes Sir, Jakosalem and Cayetona.
x x x x x x x x x
Q- Now, you said these policemen Cayetona and Jakosalem boxed a Boy, was the Boy hit when they boxed him?
A- Yes Sir.
Q- What part of the body of the Boy was hit?
A- On this spot. (Witness pointing to his breast).
Q- Do you know how many times did these two policemen Cayetona and Jakosalem box this Boy?
A- Each of them boxed the Boy.
Q- And do you know the name of this Boy?
A- No Sir.
x x x x x x x x x
Q- Now, after these two policemen Jakosalem and Cayetona boxed the Boy, what happened next?
A- They blindfolded the Boy and shot him.
Q- Now, who blindfolded the Boy?
A- Jakosalem.
Q- Is he the same Jakosalem you just identified awhile ago?
A- Yes Sir.
Q- And what was that instrument used by Jakosalem in blindfolding the Boy?
A- Handkerchief.
Q- Now, when Jakosalem blindfolded the Boy, where was Cayetona?
A- He was on the side.
x x x x x x x x x
Q- After Jakosalem blindfolded the Boy, what happened next?
A- He shot the boy. (Witness pointing to accused Jakosalem).
Q- Who shot the Boy?
A- The first one who shot the Boy was Jakosalem.
Q- After Jakosalem shot the Boy, what happened next?
A- When the Boy was about to fall down, he was shot by Cayetona.
Q- When Jakosalem shot the Boy, was the Boy hit?
A- Yes Sir.
Q- Where?
A- (Witness pointing to his breast about two [2] inches from the center).
Q- How did you know that the Boy was hit right in that point you just pointed?
A- Because there was blood.
x x x x x x x x x
Q- After Cayetona and Jakosalem shot the Boy, what happened next?
A- We were threatened by them that they will shoot us.
Q- Who threatened you?
A- Jakosalem.[13]
Upon receipt of the decision, accused filed a motion for
reconsideration, but the same was denied by the trial court on
I
THAT THE HONORABLE COURT A QUO ERRED IN GIVING CREDENCE TO THE TESTIMONY OF THE SOLE EYEWITNESS, NOE TUBAN.
II
THAT THE HONORABLE COURT A QUO ERRED IN TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE ORDER IN PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION.
III
THAT THE HONORABLE COURT A QUO ERRED IN ITS APPRECIATION OF THE ORDER IN THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION.
IV
THAT THE HONORABLE
COURT A QUO ERRED IN HOLDING THE DEFENSE WITNESSES LACKED CREDIBILITY.[14]
Accused-appellant alleges that there are inconsistencies between
the testimony of Noe Tuban
and the physical evidence, particularly the autopsy report and forensic
chemist’s findings. He claims that the
autopsy report prima facie places the scene of the crime at Lumbi, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, and not Poblacion, Maramag, Bukidnon as testified by Tuban. The direction of the gunshot was, according
to the forensic evidence, from the victim’s back and not from the front, as
testified also by eyewitness Tuban. Accused-appellant further claims that the
eyewitness account that the victim was in long pants did not jibe with the
photograph of the victim wearing short pants at the time of the shooting.[15]
After a thorough review of evidence on record, we are convinced that accused-appellant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime charged. Hence, we find no cogent reason to reverse the findings of the trial court.
Clearly, the focal point of accused-appellant’s arguments is the
issue of the credibility of the sole eyewitness. However, the inconsistencies pointed out by
accused-appellant are minor and do not detract from the fact that Noe Tuban positively identified
accused-appellant as the one who shot the victim. It must be remembered that minor
inconsistencies enhance the credibility of the witnesses, for they remove any
suspicion that their testimonies were contrived or rehearsed.[16]
To buttress his defense, accused-appellant presented several
witnesses who testified that they neither heard nor saw any shooting incident or
burst of gunfire in the early evening of
As between the positive declaration of the prosecution witness
and the negative statements of the accused-appellant or his witnesses, the
former deserves more credence.[17]
The rule is that affirmative testimony is far stronger than a negative one,
especially when it comes from the mouth of a credible witness,[18]
such as the prosecution’s eyewitness, Noe Tuban, who testified in a categorical, straightforward and
spontaneous manner. Indeed, the
spontaneity of the testimony of Tuban cannot simply
be discredited by the testimonies of the defense witnesses claiming that there
was no unusual incident that took place in the early evening of
The second and third assignments of error being interrelated will be discussed jointly. Accused-appellant claims that the court a quo erred in taking into consideration the order of preliminary investigation and in appreciating the same. He maintains that he should have been exonerated of the crime charged like his co-accused Nelson Cayetona during the preliminary investigation considering that the evidence against him and Cayetona are the same. Appellant also claims that this was clearly an error of the trial court since the records of the preliminary investigation was not introduced in evidence by the prosecution.
Appellant’s contention is misplaced.
The records of the preliminary investigation do not form part of the records in the trial court.[19] Hence, the prosecution is not mandated to offer in evidence the said record of preliminary investigation since it is separate from the records of the case and may or may not be considered by the court.
As correctly pointed out by the prosecution in its brief, accused-appellant’s argument is based on a wrong understanding of the concept of preliminary investigation. A preliminary investigation is not a trial or any part thereof and has no purpose except that of determining whether or not the defendant should be released or held for trial before a competent court.[20] It is not a part of the judicial proceedings for the determination of accused-appellant’s guilt. The two are independent of each other. Once the information against the accused is filed in court, the investigating officer loses control over the case and the adjudication of the case is shifted to the trial judge.
More importantly, the evidence evaluated during the preliminary investigation consisted merely of the affidavits of the complainant and counter-affidavits of the respondents. At that time, the eyewitness has not yet appeared to testify. It was only after the information against accused-appellant was filed in court that the testimony of the sole eyewitness was presented.
Lastly, as to the evaluation of the defense witnesses’
credibility, it has been well-settled that when the issue is one of credibility
of witnesses, appellate courts will generally not disturb the findings of the
trial court, considering that the latter is in a better position to decide the
question; having heard the witnesses themselves and observed their deportment
and manner of testifying during the trial.[21]
Once again, the positive testimony of a single witness is entitled to more weight and credence than the testimony of several witnesses, like the defense witnesses in this case, who testified in the negative on collateral matters.[22] In the case at bar, the positive and credible testimony of the lone eyewitness, Noe Tuban, was not overcome by the negative testimonies of the defense witnesses. Hence, said negative testimonies cannot be given credence at all.
The trial court held that the killing of the victim was attended by abuse of superior strength and treachery. There is treachery when the offender commits any of the crime against persons employing means, methods, or forms in the execution thereof which tend directly and specially to insure its execution without risk to himself arising from the defense which the offended party might make.[23] Treachery was resorted to by accused-appellant when he shot the victim while the latter was blindfolded and unarmed, thus rendering him helpless and without the opportunity to defend himself. The trial court, therefore, correctly appreciated the qualifying circumstance of treachery in this case.
In order that abuse of superior strength may qualify the killing
to murder, it must be established that the aggressors took advantage of their
combined strength in order to consummate the offense.[24]
In the case at bar, there was no clear indication whether the accused-appellant
together with his companion purposely used their joint efforts and weapons to
consummate the crime. In any event, assuming
that the qualifying circumstance of abuse of superior strength was present,
this is absorbed in treachery.[25]
Accused-appellant was correctly sentenced to suffer the penalty
of reclusion perpetua. At the time of commission of the crime, the
penalty for murder was reclusion temporal in its maximum period to
death.[26]
There being neither aggravating nor mitigating circumstance, the penalty shall
be imposed in its medium period, i.e., reclusion perpetua.
The prosecution prays that the civil indemnity awarded to the heirs of the victim be increased from P50,000.00 to P75,000.00. This is untenable. The amount of P75,000.00 as civil indemnity is awarded only to victims of qualified rape where the death penalty is imposed.[27] Accordingly, the trial court did not err in fixing the amount of civil indemnity at P50,000.00.
As regards the alleged burial expenses incurred by the family of the victim, we cannot award any actual damage for lack of sufficient proof thereof. In order that actual damages may be recovered, the amount of loss must not only be capable of proof but must actually be proven with reasonable degree of certainty, premised upon competent proof or best evidence obtainable of the actual amount thereof.[28] The testimony of the victim’s mother as to the amount of expenses they incurred for the burial of Arthur Tibayan is not enough. There must be receipts or other documents to support their claim for actual damages.
WHEREFORE, based on the foregoing, the judgment of the
Regional Trial Court of Malaybalay, Bukidnon, Branch 8, in Criminal Case No. 7476-95, finding
accused-appellant Rolando R. Jakosalem guilty beyond
reasonable doubt of Murder and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua,
and ordering him to pay the heirs of the deceased the amount of P50,000.00 as
civil indemnity, is AFFIRMED in toto.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., (Chairman), Puno, and Kapunan, JJ., concur.
[1] Penned by Judge Vivencio P. Estrada; Rollo,
pp. 12-17.
[2] Rollo,
p. 5.
[3] Records, p. 142.
[4] Rollo,
p. 17.
[5] TSN,
[6] Ibid., pp.
29-31.
[7] Ibid., p. 35.
[8] Ibid., p. 37.
[9] TSN,
[10] Records, p. 2, Annex
“J-3.”
[11] Ibid., pp.
21-24.
[12] Ibid., pp.
37-38.
[13] TSN,
[14] Appellant’s Brief, Rollo, pp. 29-30.
[15] Appellant’s Brief, Rollo, pp. 35-38.
[16] People v. Realin,
301 SCRA 495, 510 (1999); Adzuara v. Court of Appeals, 301 SCRA 657, 666
(1999).
[17] People v. Regalario, 220 SCRA 368, 384 (1993); People v.
Correa, 285 SCRA 679, 696 (1998), citing People v. Melgar,
157 SCRA 718 (1988).
[18] People v. Balmoria,
287 SCRA 687, 709 (1998).
[19] Rule 112, Sec. 8.
[20] Francisco, Rules on
Criminal Procedure (1994), p. 155, citing several cases.
[21] People v. Acaja,
G.R. No. 108381,
[22] Naval v. Panday,
321 SCRA 290, 299 (1999).
[23] People v. Pamparong, Jr., 249 SCRA 584, 591-592 (1995).
[24] People v. Panela,
G.R. No. 124475,
[25] People v. Abordo,
321 SCRA 23, 41 (1999).
[26] Revised Penal Code,
Article 248.
[27] 292 SCRA 186,
200-201 (1998).
[28] Luxuries Homes, Inc. v. Court of
Appeals, 302 SCRA 315 (1999).