THIRD DIVISION
[G.R. No. 120654.
MARIA LOURDES PAREDES-GARCIA, petitioner, vs. COURT OF APPEALS and HON. ESCOLASTICO M. CRUZ, JR., respondents.
D E C I S I O N
DAVIDE, JR., J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45
of the Rules of Court to set aside the decision of 19 June 1995[1]
of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP
No. 37081 dismissing the petitioner’s special civil action for certiorari
to annul the order of respondent Judge Escolastico M. Cruz, Jr., which cited
the petitioner for contempt and ordered her to pay a fine of P100.00.
The pleadings and the annexes thereto disclose the following uncontroverted facts:
The petitioner, an Assistant Provincial Prosecutor of Rizal, was
deputized at the Office of the City Prosecutor of Makati City and assigned at
the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 58,
At
Before the “finalization of the aforesaid open court order,” the
petitioner filed her Explanation.[2] She alleged therein that she actually reported to her office at
On P100.00.
In an open court order dated
On even date and before the finalization of the aforesaid open court order, Public Prosecutor Maria Lourdes P. Garcia submitted an ‘Explanation’ alleging, among other things, that on April 11, 1995, she reported for work at around 8:00 a.m. as shown by the logbook, a photocopy of which she appended to her ‘Explanation.’
In paragraph 5 of her ‘Explanation,’ she contends that she had never been late in any of the court hearings as in fact she had never been ordered to explain nor imposed a fine, a usual practice as a matter of course.
The time has come for the Court to advice [sic] Asst.
Prosecutor Garcia of the need to disabuse her mind with the thought that the
xerox copy of the logbook she attached to her ‘Explanation’ has evidentiary
value insofar as coming to court on time is concerned. She maybe [sic] in her office at
On the argument that she had never been ordered to explain nor imposed a fine, Asst. Prosecutor Garcia is well aware that her allegation of ‘for the record, undersigned had never been late in any of the hearings of this Court x x x’ is a downright lie. If only she will examine her conscience, she would know that paragraph 5 of her ‘Explanation’ is a falsity. The only reason why the court never ordered her to explain her tardiness is because of PAKIKISAMA (‘companionship’ as translated into the English language by Mr. Leo James English).
Asst. Prosecutor Garcia’s verbal clash with the branch clerk of
court yesterday,
In defiance of Memorandum # 1-95 dated March 28, 1995 conspicuously posted right at the court room door, she still attempted several times to talk to the undersigned in chambers, prompting the branch clerk of court to exercise her ‘administrative powers’ to rightfully prevent as she did, the Asst. Prosecutor from doing so.
WHEREFORE, with all these and more, finding the ‘Explanation’ a
downright lie, Asst. Prosecutor MARIA LOURDES P. GARCIA is hereby cited
in CONTEMPT of Court.
Consequently, she is hereby ordered to pay within seventy-two (72) hours
from receipt of this order, a penalty in the amount of P100.00 to the
branch clerk, this court, who in turn is directed to turn over the fine to the
Office of the Clerk of Court after issuing the corresponding receipt therefor.
The petitioner filed a motion for a reconsideration of the order, which was, however, denied by the respondent Judge. Pertinent portion of the order of denial reads:
Paragraph 9 of Asst. Prosecutor Maria Lourdes P. Garcia’s Motion for Reconsideration alleging that “x x x this being the first incident at that, she does not deserve such cruel and harsh treatment from this Honorable Court’; is false, for the truth is what is stated in page 2 of the contempt order reproduced hereunder, thus:
On the argument that she had never been ordered to explain nor
imposed a fine, Asst. Prosecutor Garcia is well aware that her allegation of
‘for the record, undersigned had never been late in any of the hearings of this
court x x x’ is a downright lie. If only
she will examine her conscience, she would know that paragraph 5 of her “Explanation”
is a falsity. The only reason why the
court never asked her to explain her tardiness is because of PAKIKISAMA
(‘companionship’ as translated in the English language by Mr. Leo James
English).[4]
Aggrieved by the aforementioned orders, the petitioner instituted with the Court of Appeals a special civil action for certiorari, which was docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 37081, wherein she challenged the orders in this manner:
FIRST: BEING UNINTENTIONALLY LATE FOR TEN (10) MINUTES DUE TO THE PERFORMANCE OF OTHER OFFICIAL FUNCTIONS BY THE PETITIONER WHO IS AN ASSISTANT PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ASSIGNED IN MAKATI CITY IS NOT A CALLOUS DISREGARD TO THE ORDERS OF THE COURT NOR A CONTUMACIOUS ACT AGAINST THE DIGNITY OF THE COURT AND AGAINST THE SOLEMNITY OF ITS PROCEEDINGS.
SECOND: THE CONTEMPT ORDER AND THE SUBSEQUENT ORDER OF THE HONORABLE PUBLIC RESPONDENT DENYING PETITIONER’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION ARE HARSH AND CRUEL AND THAT THEY WERE DONE AND ISSUED WITH GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION.
THIRD: THE ISSUANCE OF A WARRANT OF ARREST IS A MISAPPLICATION AND A CLEAR MISAPPRECIATION ON THE PART OF THE HONORABLE PUBLIC RESPONDENT OF SECTION 1, RULE 70 OF THE RULES OF COURT.
FOURTH: THE ASSAILED ORDERS AND THE PENALTIES IMPOSED BY THE HONORABLE PUBLIC RESPONDENT WILL WORK GREAT INJUSTICE TO THE PETITIONER.
FIFTH: THERE IS NO OTHER PLAIN, SPEEDY AND
ADEQUATE REMEDY IN THE ORDINARY COURSE AND LAW AVAILABLE TO THE HEREIN
PETITIONER.[5]
In his comment on the petition in CA-G.R. SP No. 37081, the respondent Judge defended the correctness of his orders and attached thereto, among other things, (a) his Office Memorandum 1-95 of 28 March 1995 outlining his policy on those who wish to see him in his chambers; (b) his own affidavit narrating his policies on how to conduct sessions in relation to tardiness and imposition of fines in particular, the instances when the petitioner personally apologized to him for her tardiness, and the reason why he cited the petitioner for contempt; (c) copies of eight of his orders imposing fines on government and private prosecuting lawyers and litigants who arrived late in court; (d) separate affidavits of the personnel of his sala (branch clerk of court, Criminal Cases in-charge, legal researcher, two court stenographers, branch sheriff, process server, court aide, two casual employees), a prosecution witness, and a private complainant, attesting to instances of tardiness of the petitioner.
The Court of Appeals limited the issues to whether the petitioner
was tardy and whether she committed falsehood in her explanation.[6]
In its decision of 19 June 1995,[7] the Court of Appeals dismissed CA-G.R. SP
No. 37081. As to the first issue, it
held that the petitioner herself admitted the fact of her tardiness. As to the second issue, it found that the
petitioner was not honest about her punctual attendance in court, which if
considered together with her tardiness, may be punished with contempt. Thus:
The possibility is, the petitioner was penalized for contempt not
only because she was late or tardy, but also because of falsehood in her April
11, [1995] “explanation”. Precisely, the
respondent said, despite her tardiness, she offered no apology and worst she
allegedly lied. Her “temerity” in
alleging a falsehood is a “callous disregard” of the dignity of the court and a
“manifestation of disregard” of the virtue of honesty. Besides, petitioner’s “blatant allegation of
an obvious falsehood” is a wrongful act.[8]
The Court of Appeals gave credence to the affidavits of the respondent Judge and several court employees attesting to the tardiness of the petitioner on certain occasions. It concluded that although “a late appearance by only about 10 minutes does not per se amount to a stubborn or perverse disobedience,” that “tardiness coupled with statements less than truthful should certainly be castigated.” It went on to state that:
The respondent Judge should not be faulted for being strict in the
matter of time attendance during trials.
He has . . . consistently penalized private as well as government
lawyers, litigants, witnesses and court personnel who are remiss in their
duties to come to court on time, a policy he adopted without exemptions, since
1989 when he was still a Presiding Judge of the Metropolitan Trial Court of
Manila.[9]
The petitioner then came to this Court through the instant
petition for review contending that the decision of the Court of Appeals is
based on a mere possibility, thereby depriving her of her constitutional right
to be presumed innocent. She would never
have the nerve or temerity to violate the court’s rules, indulge in any falsehood,
or commit any act which would taint her record and jeopardize her burning
ambition to join the judiciary in the future.
She argues that if indeed she had been late, the best evidence would
have been a reprimand or admonition in an order issued by the respondent Judge;
no such order exists. The fact that she
immediately submitted her explanation indicated her unfailing respect to the
court. She also attacks the value of the
affidavits submitted by the respondent Judge before the Court of Appeals for
having been executed through the respondent Judge’s influence, who exercises
moral ascendancy over the affiants. She
attached to her petition machine copies of several pages of the Prosecutor’s
Logbook showing her daily attendance from 16 August 1994 to 11 April 1995.[10]
The petitioner also alleges that the contempt order was a retaliatory act because she had spurned the respondent Judge’s amorous advances to her. Describing herself as a young woman, who is, by standards of physical beauty, “well-endowed and physically attractive,” she claims that the respondent Judge had been extending unusual courtesies to her. There were numerous occasions when he would visit her in her office or invite her for lunch at his chambers or elsewhere; he also allowed her frequent access to his chambers and provided her an electric fan and a cellular phone. These were discreet ministrations for her to give in to his offers for cocktails or a date at karaoke clubs. But prior to the issuance of the contempt order, she earned the ire of the respondent Judge, because on a trip to Cagayan de Oro City, she failed to call him despite his numerous requests to do so. She explained to him that she had lost the phone. At another time, he sought her for the jurat in his affidavit; but when she requested him to personally appear before her and take his oath, the respondent Judge was apparently insulted and had the affidavit retrieved and referred to another prosecutor instead. She was, in fact, the prime target of Memorandum No. 1-95, to sever whatever free access she had previously enjoyed.
Finally, the petitioner asserts that the respondent Judge acted with unusual haste in dismissing her explanation and motion for reconsideration. If she were indeed guilty of anything, it would only be an indirect contempt.
In his Comment, the respondent Judge questions the viability of
this petition for its failure to raise questions of law and to show that it
falls within the exceptions to the rule on conclusiveness of the findings of
fact of the Court of Appeals. He
underscores the fact that the petitioner admitted her tardiness. The affidavits he submitted cannot be taken
lightly, for they have been obtained from various affiants whose positive
assertions cannot prevail over the petitioner’s self-serving denial. He also observes that some annexes[11]
of the petition readily show that the
petitioner had been late seven times when she logged her time of arrival at her
office at 8:30 a.m., 8:35 a.m., and 8:45 a.m.
Evidently, if she arrived at her office at 8:30 a.m., she could not have
been in court at the same time. He
claims that he has consistently fined public and private lawyers and litigants
who arrived late in court.
The respondent Judge further alleges that the electric fan was
lent to the petitioner by the officer-in-charge of the court, not by him, and
that the cellular phone was just borrowed from him by the petitioner. He denies the alleged amorous advances and
claims that the petitioner is suffering from some delusion of beauty.[12]
Finally, the respondent Judge avers that all these years his
record as a trial court judge remains unsullied. He had been the recipient of several awards,
such as the (1) Jose Abad Santos Award for Most Outstanding Metropolitan Trial
Court Judge of the Philippines [1991] given by the Foundation for Judicial
Excellence; (2) Presidential Lingkod Bayan Award [1991] given by the Office of
the President; and the (3) Outstanding Pillar of Justice Award [1994] given by
the city government of Manila. On the
other hand, he bemoans the petitioner’s competence as a prosecutor and cites an
instance where her neglect in requesting the complainant to identify the
signature of the drawee of bounced checks caused the acquittal of the accused
in a case[13] involving a violation of B.P. Blg. 22
(Bouncing Checks Law). In another case,[14] she deliberately attempted to mislead the court by offering exhibits
different from that presented and marked in court.
In its Comment, the Office of the Solicitor General prays for the dismissal of the petition, as (a) it raises pure questions of fact; and (b) contrary to the petitioner’s assertion, the challenged decision is supported by the evidence on record notwithstanding the Court of Appeals’ use of the word “possibility.” In any event, the error thus raised refers to the application of evidence. As regards the petitioner’s contention that the Court of Appeals disregarded certain relevant facts showing the “oppressive and vindictive attitude” of the respondent Judge, the Office of the Solicitor General avers that the same cannot be entertained for having been raised for the first time on appeal.
In her Reply to the Comments, the petitioner brings into focus the Court of Appeals’ alleged error in upholding the nature of the contempt as direct contempt; in sustaining the legality of the contempt order, although it was issued without due process; and in failing to consider the ulterior motive of the respondent Judge in issuing the contempt order and to correct “the patent cruelty, the latent vindictiveness, oppressiveness, and the retaliatory nature” of the said order. She attached thereto a copy of her performance rating sheet and the affidavit of Ma. Enrina Talag-Pascual. The former shows that her performance score for 1995 was 90%, earning for her a “very satisfactory” rating. She was, as well, evaluated to possess good public relations and an integrity that is beyond reproach. In the latter, affiant Enrina, a former acting branch clerk of court and interpreter of Branch 13, Metropolitan Trial Court of Manila, declared that when the respondent Judge was the presiding judge of the said branch, he did certain acts leading toward a special personal relationship with her. When he later noticed her frequent male visitor and her preference for that visitor, the respondent Judge would no longer talk to her nor give her anything to do. Eventually, another person got the appointment to the position she was aspiring for. Feeling cheated and taken advantage of, she resigned.
We resolved to give due course to this petition, and the parties submitted the required memoranda.
We find for the petitioner.
The power to punish for contempt is inherent in all courts. It is indispensable to their right of
self-preservation, to the execution of their powers, and to the maintenance of
their authority, and consequently to the due administration of justice.[15] It is an essential element, or is possessed as part, of judicial
authority vested by the Constitution in the courts.[16] Put a little differently, the power is an “implied constitutional
power.”[17]
The power, however, is not limitless. It must be used sparingly with caution,
restraint, judiciousness, deliberation, and due regard to the provisions of the
law and the constitutional rights of the individual. It should be exercised on the preservative
and not on the vindictive principle. Being drastic and extraordinary in its
nature, it should not be resorted to unless necessary in the interest of
justice.[18] For, as observed in People vs. Estenzo:[19]
There is a compelling and exigent need therefore for judges to take utmost care lest prejudice, innate or covert hostility to personality of counsel, or previous incidents lead them to characterize conduct susceptible of innocent explanation as slights on the dignity of the court. It is ever timely to remember how easy it is to overstep the dividing line that should separate the prosecutor from the judge, when both roles are merged in the same person. The infusion of personal element may go unnoticed. Even if such were not the case, objectively viewed, such an impression may be difficult to avoid by laymen. That is a consideration that cannot be overlooked.
Indeed, the contempt power could easily tempt a judge to make its exercise nothing more than a camouflage for a wounded pride, a burning prejudice, revenge, a misplaced passion, or selfish motives.
We do not hesitate to rule that the respondent Judge failed to observe the rule of conduct in the exercise of the power to punish the petitioner for contempt of court. In our considered opinion, he acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion in holding the petitioner guilty of contempt without complying with the requirements of due process.
It must be underscored that in open court on 11 April 1995, the respondent Judge merely ordered the petitioner to explain her failure to come to court on time or at 8:30 a.m. of that day. That order did not yet amount to a show-cause order or a citation directing an explanation why she should not be held in contempt of court for tardiness. Tardiness could be a valid ground for contempt. Justice Malcolm remarked:
All too frequently, a Court of First
Instance finds it necessary to impose a small fine on attorneys for failure to
be present at the session of the court at the hour and on the day named and for
unseemly behavior in the presence of the court.[20]
Failure of counsel to appear in court for
trial despite due notice was held to constitute indirect contempt,[21] for it is a misbehavior committed not in the
presence of or so near a court or judge as to interrupt the administration of
justice.[22]
The Explanation of the petitioner which was forthwith submitted was an explanation of her failure to come on time, as was, in fact, called for in the order.
The respondent Judge issued the challenged order of 12 April 1995 mainly because of his perception that the explanation was a “downright lie,” and for the other grounds enumerated in the order, viz., the petitioner’s (a) verbal clash with the branch clerk of court on 11 April 1995 when the latter prevented the former from entering the Judge’s chamber; (b) previous improper attempts to enter the said chambers; (c) improper conduct in asking the staff of the court to carry her travelling bags or paraphernalia, buy food, deposit her pay checks, or run errands for her; (d) defiance of the respondent Judge’s Memorandum No. 1-95, dated 28 March 1995; and (e) failure to remain in court while criminal proceedings were going on resulting in the dismissal of a case due to technicality.
Clearly then, the petitioner was cited and punished for contempt not only because of her “failure to come to court on time” in the morning of 11 April 1995, but also because of the foregoing acts or omissions. Her tardiness as a ground for contempt was, however, relegated to the background, for the respondent Judge had found other grounds for contempt.
The grounds or reasons enumerated by the respondent Judge could
constitute grounds for indirect contempt under Section 3, Rule 71 of the Rules
of Court, probably under paragraphs (a) and (d) thereof.[23] He cannot, therefore, immediately impose a
penalty, but must faithfully comply with the due process requirements
prescribed in the said Section 3, namely, the filing of a charge in writing and
giving the accused an opportunity to be heard by himself or by counsel. The charge under this section may be made by
the judge himself.[24] And considering that the latter seemed to
have personal knowledge of such alleged grounds, it was even his duty if he
were honestly convinced of the viability of such grounds to institute the
proceedings.[25] If the answer to the charge is satisfactory,
the contempt proceedings ends.
Otherwise, it shall proceed in accordance with the Rules.[26] On the day set for the hearing, the court
shall proceed to investigate the charges and consider such answer or testimony
as the respondent may make or offer.[27] Since contempt of court proceedings are
commonly treated as criminal in their nature, the mode of procedure and rules
of evidence therein are assimilated to criminal prosecutions.[28] Accordingly, if reasonable doubt in fact or
in law exists as to the alleged contemner’s guilt, the doubt shall be resolved
in favor of the alleged contemner.[29] The penalty, if warranted, can only be imposed after the alleged
contemner shall have been heard.[30]
In finding the petitioner guilty of the aforementioned acts and
imposing upon her the penalty of a fine without granting her an opportunity to
answer the imputed falsehood and improprieties and an opportunity to be heard,
the respondent Judge disregarded the requirements of due process in contempt
proceedings and, therefore, acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with
grave abuse of discretion.[31]
Even assuming arguendo that the respondent Judge’s order
of 12 April 1995 was meant to be a resolution on the issue of the petitioner’s
tardiness in the morning of 11 April 1995, and that it could be summarily dealt
with as a direct contempt and forthwith punished, the penalty of P100.00
is unreasonable. The petitioner admitted
that she was late by ten minutes and that she arrived when the second case in
the calendar was on its first call.
This reference to a first call, which is not denied by the
respondent Judge, presupposes the existence of a practice where at the
commencement of the sessions at 8:30 a.m. the cases are called to determine
which are ready and to call the second time those which were not ready on the
first call. Of course, it cannot be
expected that two cases ready on the first call would be tried at the same
time. The delay then of ten minutes was
of de minimis importance, especially considering the fact that there is
no showing at all that another case was ready for trial at 8:30 a.m.
As to the alleged “lie” which the respondent Judge characterized as “downright,” no evidence supports it except his appeal to the petitioner to examine her conscience because she knew that if the court never ordered her to explain her tardiness it was due to “pakikisama.” This appeal to the petitioner’s conscience was itself an admission that there was no evidence to prove the petitioner’s prior tardiness or of any order calling her attention to it or admonishing her for that. If it was the respondent Judge’s practice or policy to impose a fine on lawyers and litigants — and he was able to attach to his Comment in CA-G.R. SP No. 37081 copies of eight orders imposing such fines — then he should have done so against the petitioner if she were tardy in the past. Yet, he could not produce any order intended for the petitioner; he was then unfair or discriminatory in the implementation of his policy or practice. If the petitioner had in fact been tardy to a point of habituality, no “pakikisama” can warrant the respondent Judge’s tolerance, unless we are to believe the petitioner’s version that she had been the object of the respondent Judge’s special attention or grant of privileges in the past.
Moreover, since what was filed was a special civil action for certiorari
under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, which is an available remedy in
appropriate cases of judgments in contempt proceedings,[32] the only issue which the respondent Court had to resolve was whether
the respondent Judge has acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with
grave abuse of discretion in issuing the challenged orders.[33] It should not have taken into account in
resolving the merits of the case the affidavits and other documents submitted
by the respondent Judge to prove the alleged falsehood in the petitioner’s
Explanation and the correctness of his orders.
These pieces of evidence, obtained when this case was already before the
Court of Appeals, were not available to or considered by the respondent Judge
when he issued the orders.
The above pronouncements should not be understood as absolving
the petitioner from any liability for her tardiness or from her solemn duty as
an officer of the court. As a lawyer,
she is bound by her oath to conduct herself as a lawyer according to the best
of her knowledge and discretion with all good fidelity as well to the courts as
to her client. She should never forget
that punctuality is not only a practice mandated by the Code of Professional
Responsibility[34] and Canons of Professional Ethics,[35] it is a virtue which must be faithfully maintained as part of her
contribution in the task of ensuring a speedy, efficient, and effective
administration of justice. If the petitioner then had committed a breach of her
duty to the court she should accordingly be dealt with but in accordance with
established procedure. The right to do
so is hereby reserved to the respondent Judge.
We close with the sad observation that both the petitioner and the respondent Judge have resorted to personal attacks against each other in this case. They failed to limit themselves to the issues and even exchanged tirades on their competence and physical being. They did not observe the proper decorum of civility and refinement even in times of disagreement. Such is not expected of them as officers of the court. What happened in this case may not easily be forgotten by them. If the petitioner would thus remain detailed at the branch of the Regional Trial Court of Makati City presided over by the respondent Judge the soured relationship may affect the administration of justice. The petitioner then must be re-assigned somewhere else.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is GRANTED. The challenged decision of 19 June 1995 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 37081 and the challenged orders of respondent Judge Escolastico M. Cruz, Jr., of 12 April 1995 and 20 April 1995 in Criminal Cases Nos. 93-7434 to 39 are SET ASIDE.
The Department of Justice and the Office of the Provincial Prosecutor of Rizal are requested to recall the designation of the petitioner to Branch 58 of the Regional Trial Court of Makati City and to detail her to other courts if these have not been done yet.
No pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
Melo, Francisco, and Panganiban, JJ., concur.
Narvasa, C.J. (Chairman), took no part.
[1] Annex "A" of Petition, Rollo, 16. Per Salas, J., with Lantin and
Austria-Martinez, JJ., concurring.
[2] Rollo, 17.
[3] Id., 17-20.
[4] Rollo, 20.
[5] Rollo, 21.
[6] Id., 22.
[7] Supra note 1.
[8] Rollo, 23.
[9] Id., 27.
[10] Annexes "C," "C-1" to
"C-58"; Id., 31-89.
[11] Annexes "C-7", "C-12",
"C-20", "C-31", "C-37", "C-40", and
"C-50"; Rollo, 38, 43, 51, 62, 68, 71, and 81.
[12] Id., 99.
[13] Criminal Cases Nos. 94-1837 to 1841 (People of the
Philippines vs. Ramon C. Tongson and Rodrigo G. Cawili).
[14] Criminal Case No. 94-2641 (People of the Philippines
vs. Eduardo Reyes).
[15] In re Kelly, 35 Phil. 944, 950 [1916]; In re Lozano
and Quevedo, 554 Phil. 801 [1930]; Perkins vs. Director of Prisons, 58
Phil. 271 [1933]; Commissioner of Immigration vs. Cloribel, 30 SCRA 1241
[1967].
[16] In re Sotto, 82 Phil. 595 [1949].
[17] Fontelera vs. Amores, 70 SCRA 37 [1976].
[18] Villavicencio vs. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778
[1919]; Oliveros vs. Villaluz, 57 SCRA 163 [1974]; People vs.
Maceda, 188 SCRA 532 [1990]; De Guia vs. Guerrero, 234 SCRA 625 [1994].
[19] 64 SCRA 211, 214 [1975]. See also Fontelera vs. Amores, supra
note 17.
[20] GEORGE A. MALCOLM, Legal and Judicial Ethics [1949],
100-101.
[21] People vs. Gagui, 2 SCRA 752 [1961].
[22] Section 1, Rule 71, Rules of Court.
[23] Viz.: (a) misbehavior of an officer of a
court in the performance of his official duty or in his official transaction,
and (d) any improper conduct tending, directly and indirectly to impede,
obstruct or degrade the administration of justice.
[24] People vs. Venturanza, 98 Phil. 211 [1956].
[25] In re Antonio Quirino (Teehankee vs. Director
of Prisons). 76 Phil. 630 [1946].
[26] Bakewell vs. Lloren, 12 SCRA 691 [1964].
[27] Section 5, Rule 71, Rules of Court.
[28] Lee Yick Hon vs. Collector of Customs, 41
Phil. 548 [1921]; Benedicto vs. Cañada, 21 SCRA 1066 [1967]; Delgra vs.
Gonzales, 31 SCRA 237 [1970].
[29] People vs. Alarcon, 69 Phil. 265 [1939].
[30] Yatco vs. Court of Appeals, 37 SCRA 174
[1971].
[31] Calaug vs. Pecson, 82 Phil. 8, 13 [1948].
[32] See Delgra vs. Gonzales, supra note
28.
[33] Section 1, Rule 65, Rules of Court.
[34] Rule 11.02, Canon 11, Code of Professional
Responsibility: "A lawyer shall punctually appear at court hearings."
[35] Canon 21, Canons of Professional Ethics: "It is
the duty of the lawyer not only to his client, but also to the courts and to
the public to be punctual in attendance. . . ."